Micro Exam 5 Final

Front 1

Why would it be reasonable to treat strep throat with antibacterial antibiotics, but not diphtheria?

Back 1

The illness in diphtheria is largely from the exotoxin produced. An antibiotic won't clear out the exotoxin.

Front 2

Pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis are at risk of

Back 2

having a premature baby.

Front 3

Which of the following is most likely to grow at refrigerator temperatures?

Back 3

psychrophiles

Front 4

Who were the scientists that received the Nobel Prize for their work with reverse transcriptase?

Back 4

Temin, and Baltimore

Front 5

The normal habitat of Clostridium tetani is

Back 5

soil and dust.

Front 6

The final characteristics of beer such as color, flavor, and foam primarily depend on the

Back 6

roasted malt

Front 7

Sugar is used in the making of fermented sausages to

Back 7

provide raw material for the fermentation process.

Front 8

The bacteria cultured from a soil sample typically represents

Back 8

a very small number of bacteria present in that sample.

Front 9

An effective means used early in the 19th century to clear water of the majority of bacteria was the use of

Back 9

sand filters

Front 10

What is the best reason (most useful reason for the largest number of people) why having the ability to recognize differing strains of HIV-1 would aid in epidemiological studies?

Back 10

Being able to observe how the virus mutates as it progresses through a population of susceptible individuals, some of whom are treated and some of whom have not been treated, allows us to better understand how the virus changes over time in order to better fight it with new drugs/therapies.

Front 11

The oily secretion that lubricates the hair follicles of the skin is

Back 11

sebum

Front 12

How many subtypes of the M group of HIV-1 exist at present?

Back 12

10

Front 13

Enlargement of lymph nodes or spleen is often associated with

Back 13

tularemia, brucellosis AND plague

Front 14

Growth of pathogens in a food generally does not result in perceptible changes in the quality of the food but the ingestion of this food can result in

Back 14

foodborne illnesses

Front 15

A frequent complication of untreated gonorrhea in women is

Back 15

pelvic inflammatory disease

Front 16

Corneal implants have been implicated in a few cases of

Back 16

rabies AND Creutzfeldt-Jakob.

Front 17

An infection of the membranes covering the brain is called

Back 17

meningitis

Front 18

During which stage of syphilis is the patient non-infectious?

Back 18

third

Front 19

The poliomyelitis virus is in the picornavirus family in the subgroup

Back 19

enteroviruses

Front 20

The organism that grows anaerobically in dead or damaged tissue and produces dense colonies that are the color and size of sulfur particles is

Back 20

Actinomyces israelii.

Front 21

Why is it that the tongue and cheek epithelium doesn't provide a sufficient anaerobic environment for plaque anaerobes to grow, but the surface of teeth might?

Back 21

The epithelium is supplied with oxygen by capillary beds. This makes it a relatively aerobic environment and hostile to anaerobes.

Front 22

Advanced treatment of sewage

Back 22

is done to prevent nutrient enrichment.

is done to prevent possible overproduction of algae and other organisms.

involves the removal of phosphates and nitrogen compounds.

Front 23

The conditions normally present in food such as moisture, acidity and nutrients are referred to as

Back 23

intrinsic factors.

Front 24

Nutrient poor waters are described as being

Back 24

oligotrophic.

Front 25

If you are a 20-year-old healthy young adult and you have to CHOOSE a type of pneumonia to become infected with (and you will NOT get treatment for it), which would be the 'best,' and why?

Back 25

Mycoplasmal pneumonia-it has the mildest symptoms and is generally easily cleared out.

Front 26

Why is puerperal fever not regarded as a sexually transmitted disease? What spreads the disease?

Back 26

A physician that doesn't observe proper sterile technique may introduce bacteria from the environment into the genitourinary tract of a woman during delivery of a child, inducing puerperal fever several days later AND a woman's own normal fecal flora can occasionally cause puerperal fever if it contaminates the genitourinary tract following delivery. This can especially occur after an episiotomy procedure (cutting between the vaginal opening and the rectum).

Front 27

The normal flora of the lower urethra may show

Back 27

Lactobacillus.

Staphylococcus.

Corynebacterium.

Bacteroides.

Front 28

High levels of antibodies in patients with SBE tend to be of little use because

Back 28

they make the bacteria clump together and adhere to the clot.

Front 29

The nitrogen in our atmosphere is only usable to humans after it is converted to

Back 29

amino acids

Front 30

Which is true about prions?

Back 30

They cause a degenerative brain condition AND they are a normal brain protein that has folded differently.

Front 31

Yellow fever is transmitted by

Back 31

Aedes mosquitoes.

Front 32

The urinary tract above the bladder usually shows

Back 32

no bacteria

Front 33

Lactic acid bacteria are used to ferment and produce foods from

Back 33

dairy.

vegetables.

meat.

Front 34

The childhood disease that damages the body defenses and is frequently complicated by secondary infections involving, primarily, Gram-positive cocci is

Back 34

measles

Front 35

Single cell protein

Back 35

refers to the use of single-celled organisms as a protein source.

Front 36

Besides HIV-1, which type of HIV is prevalent in parts of Africa and India?

Back 36

HIV-2

Front 37

HBV is mainly spread by

Back 37

blood, blood products AND semen.

Front 38

Characteristic inclusion bodies formed in cells of organisms infected with rabies are called

Back 38

negri bodies

Front 39

Varicella is a member of the herpes family of viruses and produces a latent infection

Back 39

true

Front 40

Humans are the only reservoir for varicella-zoster.

Back 40

true

Front 41

The plague bacillus is known as

Back 41

Yersinia pestis.

Front 42

Rubella is a member of which virus family?

Back 42

togavirus

Front 43

A common source of cholera infection is

Back 43

fecal contaminated material, especially water

Front 44

Streptomyces

Back 44

may produce antibiotics, may produce geosmins AND are typically found in the soil.

Front 45

A pathologist claims it's much easier to determine the causative agent of meningitis than an infection of the skin or intestines. Is this true? Why or why not?

Back 45

It's true-because the central nervous system (CNS) is generally microbe free, whereas the skin and intestines have a diverse normal flora. Separating out a pathogenic causative agent from the normal flora in these areas would be much harder to do than in the CNS.

Front 46

A localized collection of pus in a wound is termed a(n)

Back 46

abscess

Front 47

Truffles

Back 47

are a mycorrhizae AND form a sheath around a root of an appropriate tree.

Front 48

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is an example of a(n)

Back 48

zoonosis

Front 49

In sewage treatment, the removal of large objects and particulate matter is achieved during

Back 49

primary treatment

Front 50

Which of the following is typically used to treat pneumocystis?

Back 50

trimethoprim-sulfmethoxazole

Front 51

The cytokine released from macrophages that seems to play a major role in endotoxic shock is

Back 51

tumor necrosis factor.

Front 52

Which of the following is caused by a protozoan infection?

Back 52

malaria

Front 53

Otitis media probably develops from an infection that spread

Back 53

upward through the eustachian tube.

Front 54

The most frequent genus causing wound infections in healthy people is

Back 54

staphylococcus

Front 55

The viral disease that characteristically infects the parotid glands is

Back 55

mumps

Front 56

Which of the following is more likely to cause fatal septicemias?

Back 56

gram negative bacteria

Front 57

The most notorious typhoid carrier was

Back 57

Typhoid Mary

Front 58

Naegleria fowleri may cause

Back 58

primary amebic meningoencephalitis.

Front 59

Which of the following produce lactic acid?

Back 59

Lactobacillus

Leuconostoc

Streptococcus

Lactococcus

Front 60

Most large cities have required the pasteurization of milk and milk products since

Back 60

1900

Front 61

Gonococci selectively attach to certain epithelial cells by

Back 61

pili

Front 62

The exotoxin produced by C. tetani is

Back 62

tetanospasmin.

Front 63

Which of the following statements about landfills is false?

Back 63

Degradation of wastes is rapid and inexpensive.

Front 64

The oocytes of Cyclospora cayetanensis

Back 64

do not contain sporozoites when passed in the feces.

Front 65

Why is oil not degraded when in a natural habitat underground, yet susceptible to bioremediation in an oil spill?

Back 65

The bacteria can't be given the right amounts or types of nutrients to foster an increase in their number deep underground. Nearer the surface, human intervention can increase the factors that will raise the microbe quantity.

Front 66

The animal(s) often associated with Salmonella strains is/are

Back 66

turtles.

iguanas.

baby chickens.

ducks.

Front 67

A common viral rash of childhood with the popular name chicken pox is also known as

Back 67

varicella

Front 68

S. aureus toxin is

Back 68

heat-stable AND an exotoxin

Front 69

Which of the following soil organisms play a major role in decomposing plant matter?

Back 69

bacteria and fungi

Front 70

The virulence of the tubercle bacillus is due to its

Back 70

survival within macrophages.

Front 71

The normal flora of the genital tract of women is

Back 71

affected by estrogen levels AND dependent on the activity of Lactobacillus

Front 72

Would a person living in the tropics or in the desert have larger numbers of bacteria living on the surface of their skin, and why?

Back 72

The very low humidity of the desert would lead to rapid evaporation of sweat and sebum from an individual's skin. Bacteria need these secretions for a nutrient source. Without them, bacteria would be found in much lower numbers on the skin of a person in the desert than the skin of the person in the tropics.

Front 73

The toxins involved in intestinal infections typically

Back 73

kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis AND modify cell physiology resulting in increased secretion of water and electrolytes.

Front 74

A high BOD value means

Back 74

a large amount of oxygen has been used AND a large amount of degradable organic matter is present.

Front 75

The diarrhea of cholera has been described as

Back 75

rice water stool

Front 76

Which of the following has shown some effectiveness in treating a herpes infection?

Back 76

acyclovir

Front 77

Egg white is rich in the antimicrobial

Back 77

lysozyme

Front 78

The genital tract infection characterized by an unpleasant odor and an increase in clue cells is

Back 78

bacterial vaginosis

Front 79

Which of the following are considered diseases of the lower respiratory tract?

Back 79

tuberculosis and pneumonia

Front 80

Which of the following groups contain diarrhea-causing E. coli?

Back 80

enterotoxigenic

enteroinvasive

enteropathogenic

enterohemorrhagic

Front 81

In sewage treatment, the removal of phosphates and nitrogen compounds is achieved during

Back 81

advanced treatment

Front 82

H. pylori is, in part, able to survive in the stomach by its ability to produce

Back 82

ammonia from urea.

Front 83

What percent of Staphylococcus aureus infections are due to the patient's own flora?

Back 83

30-100%

Front 84

Which of the following are symptoms of HIV disease?

Back 84

headache

sore throat

muscle aches

fever

Front 85

Where in the body does the latent, non-infectious, non-replicating form of the herpes simplex virus persist?

Back 85

sensory nerves

Front 86

The principal mode of transmission of rabies is through

Back 86

saliva

Front 87

The leading cause of bacterial meningitis in adults is

Back 87

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 88

The carbon cycle revolves around

Back 88

carbon dioxide.

Front 89

Vibrio cholera is most often associated with

Back 89

drinking water.

Front 90

Reactivation of chickenpox is called

Back 90

shingles AND herpes zoster.

Front 91

Why can an infection in the brain's ventricles usually be detected in spinal fluid obtained from the lower back (lumbar region)?

Back 91

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) originates in the ventricles, but percolates over and around the brain and spinal cord.

Front 92

Highly effective vaccines have been produced. Why can't we seem to develop an effective vaccine for HIV?

Back 92

The best protective effect would be a stimulation of antibodies from B cells and production of infected cell killing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, most likely from a live attenuated form of HIV used as a vaccine. Both of these cell types require the help of CD4+ helper T cells. HIV infects and destroys the very cells required to produce a strong protective immune response to a vaccine (CD4+ helper T cells). This would make the use of a live, attenuated virus as a vaccine impractical.

Front 93

The infectious agent(s) that may arise in a wound from a human bite is/are

Back 93

Bacteroides AND Staphylococcus aureus.

Front 94

Soy sauce is made by fermentation of soybeans and wheat by

Back 94

Aspergillus.

Front 95

The sulfur cycle is similar to the cycle of

Back 95

nitrogen

Front 96

The eyes are protected from infection by

Back 96

the washing action of the tears and eyelids AND the chemical action of lysozyme.

Front 97

Pneumocystis is caused by a

Back 97

fungus

Front 98

Nitrogen is

Back 98

turned into ammonia by microorganisms AND ultimately used in making amino acids and nucleotides.

Front 99

Mycobacterium avium complex organisms

Back 99

survive phagocytosis.

are acid fast.

are widespread in the environment.

cause persistent bacteremia in immunodeficient people.

Front 100

Stained smears of the surface of the eye might be useful in diagnosing

Back 100

rabies

Front 101

Toxoplasmosis is caused by a

Back 101

protozoan

Front 102

The stage of Lyme disease that is characterized by arthritis is the

Back 102

third

Front 103

Pollutant degradation may be enhanced by

Back 103

providing sufficient moisture.

providing adequate nutrients.

maintaining pH near neutrality.

raising the temperature.

Front 104

An important diagnostic sign of measles is

Back 104

Koplik's spot

Front 105

The definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii is

Back 105

cats

Front 106

gp120 binds to

Back 106

CD4

Front 107

Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis differs from the general pattern of fungal CNS disease by occurring in

Back 107

otherwise healthy people.

Front 108

HIV on objects may be dealt with by

Back 108

commercial, high-level disinfectants, 56ºC for 30 minutes AND household bleach

Front 109

Coliforms are

Back 109

Gram-negative.

rod-shaped.

non-spore forming.

lactose-fermenting with acid and gas formation.

Front 110

The scientist responsible for the development of the first anti-plague vaccine in 1866 was

Back 110

Alexandre Yersin.

Front 111

Otitis media and sinusitis are usually preceded by a(n)

Back 111

nasopharyngeal infection.

Front 112

Rebecca Lancefield showed that almost all the strains of b-hemolytic streptococci from human infections

Back 112

had the same cell wall carbohydrate "A".

Front 113

The CNS may become infected through the

Back 113

bloodstream, nerves AND extensions from bone.

Front 114

HIV is genetically very variable due to the

Back 114

reverse transcriptase being "error" prone

Front 115

Mycoplasmal and klebsiellal pneumonias

Back 115

None of the choices is correct.

Front 116

Why would you expect acyclovir to be ineffective against latent HSV infections?

Back 116

This drug is a nucleoside analogue-it becomes activated by a viral enzyme that is produced only when the virus is replicating. As such, if the virus is latent, the enzyme to activate the drug is not present (and the drug is ineffective).

Front 117

Which of the following viruses are found in AIDS-associated B-cell lymphomas?

Back 117

Epstein-Barr virus

Front 118

Food contaminated with C. botulinum often

Back 118

appears normal.

Front 119

The incubation period of gonorrhea is approximately

Back 119

2-5 days.

Front 120

The cause of strep throat is

Back 120

Streptococcus pyogenes- beta-hemolytic, group A

Front 121

S. pyogenes associated with invasive disease characteristically have

Back 121

exotoxin A AND exotoxin B.

Front 122

Geosmins are

Back 122

metabolites that give soil its odor.

Front 123

Which of the following pertains to Borrelia burgdorferi?

Back 123

spirochete

Front 124

Which of the following may be added to normal media to make it more selective for staphylococci?

Back 124

7.5% salt

Front 125

The rumen is

Back 125

an anaerobic fermentation vessel found in herbivores.

Front 126

Sulfur occurs in all living matter primarily as a component of

Back 126

amino acids.

Front 127

Epstein-Barr virus may become latent in

Back 127

B-cells

Front 128

Which group is composed of autotrophs?

Back 128

primary producers

Front 129

In order to culture the organism responsible for tularemia, the growth media must contain

Back 129

cysteine.

Front 130

Why might an individual with an STD need to be checked for other STDs, even though he/she has no symptoms of any others?

Back 130

A diagnosis of an STD implies that the individual engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse. Several STDs are largely asymptomatic, so it is wise to test for a variety of typical STDs when the patient admits to or shows signs of engaging in such risky behavior

Front 131

Rhinoviruses need to be grown

Back 131

in living cells AND at 33°C.

Front 132

The nervous system typically

Back 132

is sterile.

Front 133

Which of the following virulence factors has been associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Back 133

exoenzyme S

Front 134

Which of the following is a fairly reliable method of characterizing strains of S. aureus?

Back 134

genome typing

Front 135

Gardeners sometimes plant clover between productive growing seasons. Why would this practice be beneficial?

Back 135

Several types of nitrogen-fixing bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with the roots of clover. This would increase the amount of nitrogen in the soil available for subsequent seasons of other plants' growth.

Front 136

The incubation period of rabies is partially determined by

Back 136

length of journey from the bite site to the brain AND the amount of virus introduced into the wound

Front 137

HAART

Back 137

may, in some patients, eliminate free virus in the blood AND is recommended for acute retroviral syndrome.

Front 138

The conjuctivae

Back 138

have no resident bacteria.

Front 139

The more severe form of African sleeping sickness is called the

Back 139

Rhodesian form.

Front 140

Two relatively widespread North American lung mycoses are

Back 140

coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis.

Front 141

Which of the following is associated with the upper respiratory system?

Back 141

humidifying inhaled air AND warming inhaled air

Front 142

A protein associated with a more virulent form of Staphylococcus is

Back 142

coagulase.

Front 143

The bacteria that appear to maintain balance between the members of the normal flora and play a vital role in limiting colonization by pathogens are

Back 143

staphylococci

Front 144

The human immunodeficiency virus is a(n)

Back 144

enveloped single-stranded RNA virus.

Front 145

The disease responsible for the death of approximately ¼ the population of Europe from 1346 to 1350 was

Back 145

plague

Front 146

The foodborne form of rat bite fever is called

Back 146

Haverhill fever.

Front 147

Some of the host cell coreceptors for HIV have been found to be

Back 147

chemokine receptors.

Front 148

HIV may infect

Back 148

intestinal epithelial cells.

brain cells.

macrophages.

T helper cells.

Front 149

Water treatment processes for drinking water

Back 149

has no biological treatment phase.

Front 150

The resulting solids and juices of grapes used to make wine are termed its

Back 150

must

Front 151

Which of the following virulence factors used by Staphylococcus puts holes in host cells?

Back 151

alpha toxin

Front 152

Foods that have been unacceptably altered due to uncontrolled bacterial growth are called

Back 152

spoiled

Front 153

The fluid which bathes and nourishes the tissue cells is the

Back 153

interstitial fluid

Front 154

The small bean-shaped bodies into which the lymphatic vessels drain are the

Back 154

lymph nodes

Front 155

Which of the following is considered a function of the skin?

Back 155

regulation of body temperature

prevention of fluid loss

synthesis of vitamin D

produces cytokines

Front 156

Diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses

Back 156

true

Front 157

The causative agent of plague is

Back 157

Yersinia pestis.

Front 158

The only known human pathogen that preferentially attacks the peripheral nerves is

Back 158

M. leprae

Front 159

Collections of bacteria that adhere to the surfaces of the teeth are called

Back 159

dental plaque

Front 160

Why should scarring of a fallopian tube raise the risks of an ectopic pregnancy?

Back 160

Scarring may slow the progression of the ovum (egg) from the fallopian tubes into the uterus. If it is fertilized by a sperm cell while it is stopped in the fallopian tube, it may implant there, resulting in an ectopic pregnancy.

Front 161

C. botulinum toxin is

Back 161

an exotoxin AND heat-sensitive.

Front 162

Tetanus antitoxin is

Back 162

antibody against the toxin.

Front 163

Sludge

Back 163

is a byproduct of sewage treatment.

may be a source of pollution.

takes up space in a landfill.

Front 164

Effective treatment of wastewater/sewage is reflected in a(n)

Back 164

lower BOD.

Front 165

Which of the following viruses maintains a latent state in nerve cells?

Back 165

herpes virus

Front 166

Why are such a high percentage of infant botulism cases associated with ingestion of honey?

Back 166

There can be endospores from C. botulinum in honey. They may germinate in the intestines of infants following consumption of honey, leading to colonization and pathogenesis as the bacteria begin forming botulism toxin. Adults' normal intestinal flora will outcompete the new microbes, but very young infants may not yet have this normal flora established.

Front 167

A disease in which the urinary system is infected from the bloodstream is known as

Back 167

leptospirosis.

Front 168

The prime target(s) of the HIV virus is/are

Back 168

TH cells AND macrophages.

Front 169

Wound infections may result in

Back 169

delayed healing, abscess formation AND extension of bacteria or their products into surrounding tissues or bloodstream.

Front 170

What is the epidemiological significance of shingles?

Back 170

It shows that, as a latent viral infection, there is always a possible reservoir available to reinfect new susceptible individuals AND it shows that our fight for long-term eradication of varicella zoster virus will be a very long fight, depending on immunizing all newly-born individuals until all the people that had ever contracted the illness have died.

Front 171

The production of heterophile antibody is associated with

Back 171

infectious mononucleosis.

Front 172

The most common infectious agent acquired from the bite wounds of a number of kinds of animals is

Back 172

Pasteurella multocida.

Front 173

How might the progression of HIV have been different in the US if it appeared in 1928 rather than 1978?

Back 173

It would have been slower because travel to and from other countries (and often even simply other states) was less common.

It would have been slower because people were less likely to engage in sexual intercourse with as many separate partners across their lifespan.

It would have been slower because blood transfusions were rare.

All of these options are correct statements-the overall progression of the illness would most likely have been slower.

Front 174

A striking feature of Clostridium tetani that differentiates it from other pathogenic species of Clostridium is its ability to

Back 174

form terminally located, spherical spores.

Front 175

Which of the following may be transmitted by saliva?

Back 175

infectious mononucleosis AND rabies

Front 176

Although endotoxemia affects many organs, the organ most seriously and irreversibly affected is the

Back 176

lung

Front 177

Viral gastroenteritis that affects people of all ages and usually lasts less than 3 days is caused by

Back 177

norovirus.

Front 178

Intestinal botulism, especially in infants, has been linked to ingestion of

Back 178

honey

Front 179

A microbial mat

Back 179

is a form of biofilm.

Front 180

Which is/are true of coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis?

Back 180

They are both soil fungi AND they are both dimorphic fungi.

Front 181

The process used for identifying the different carbohydrates of streptococci is called

Back 181

Lancefield grouping.

Front 182

Which of the following involve symbiotic relationships?

Back 182

rhizobia, mycorrhizae AND ruminants

Front 183

The Rickettsial disease that killed Howard Ricketts and Stanislaus Prowazek was

Back 183

louse-borne typhus.

Front 184

The development of lymph node enlargement in the region of a skin ulcer after a tick or insect bite or handling of a wild animal suggests

Back 184

tularemia.

Front 185

Why are pneumococcal pneumonia infections so dangerous in nursing homes?

Back 185

While this type of pneumonia does NOT cause permanent lung damage, the immune system of older people is usually impaired, leaving them predisposed to more serious and potentially life-threatening pneumonia infections.

Front 186

The anaerobic organisms used in sewage treatment may produce the useful product(s)

Back 186

methane.

Front 187

Enlargement of lymph nodes or spleen is often associated with

Back 187

tularemia.

brucellosis.

plague.

infectious mononucleosis.

Front 188

Which of the following manifests itself in three clinical stages?

Back 188

syphilis

Front 189

Next to carbon and oxygen, the element organisms most require is

Back 189

nitrogen

Front 190

In which phase of sewage treatment are trickling filters sometimes used?

Back 190

secondary treatment

Front 191

Clostridium botulinum typically does not produce its toxin under conditions that are

Back 191

acidic

Front 192

Which would be more likely to cause illness-a water sample that tested positive for coliforms or one that tested positive for E. coli O157:H7?

Back 192

The E. coli O157:H7 sample would be more likely to cause illness. This strain of bacterium is highly pathogenic and capable of causing kidney damage.

Front 193

This mineral, typically added to drinking water, makes enamel more resistant to dissolving in acid.

Back 193

fluoride

Front 194

Bioaugmentation

Back 194

adds specific microorganisms to the polluted site.

Front 195

Which is true of the C. botulinum toxin?

Back 195

It is heat-sensitive.

It is a neurotoxin.

It blocks nerve to muscle signal transmission.

It is a two-part toxin.

Front 196

The MMR vaccine is used to protect against

Back 196

measles, mumps, rubella.

Front 197

Why might a large number of competing microorganisms in a food sample result in lack of sensitivity of culture methods for detecting pathogens?

Back 197

Many microbes secrete compounds that can be toxic for their competitors. If you need a pathogenic microbe to grow in a culture in order to detect it, these toxic compounds might inhibit the growth of the pathogen and impede the test AND culture methods often rely on biochemical changes taking place in medium for identification. With multiple microbes present, you may not be sure that the biochemical change observed is from the presence of a pathogen or from some other non-dangerous bacterium that also induces the biochemical change.

Front 198

The sudden, violent, uncontrollable cough of pertussis is described as

Back 198

paroxysmal

Front 199

Rat bite fever, characterized by fever, rash, and muscle aches, is caused by

Back 199

Streptobacillus moniliformis.

Front 200

A bacteriophage is necessary for toxin production in

Back 200

C. diphtheriae.

Front 201

Cholera is the classic example of a(n)

Back 201

very severe form of diarrhea.

Front 202

The region of the earth inhabited by living organisms is called the

Back 202

biosphere.

Front 203

Bioremediation

Back 203

is the use of biological agents to degrade/detoxify pollutants AND may involve biostimuation or bioaugmentation.

Front 204

As an added safety precaution, low-acid, home canned foods should be

Back 204

boiled at least 15 minutes before consumption.

Front 205

The disease characterized by the appearance of a toxin-mediated rash that spares the area around the mouth and causes the tongue to look like the surface of a ripe strawberry is

Back 205

scarlet fever.

Front 206

The T. pallidum of syphilis can be transmitted by

Back 206

sexual or oral contact.

Front 207

In which of the following does a rash start on the palms and soles and progress toward the trunk?

Back 207

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Front 208

An early contributor to the understanding of nitrogen fixation was

Back 208

Beijerinck.

Front 209

Which of the following is used to cause flocculation?

Back 209

aluminum potassium phosphate (alum)

Front 210

Which of the following is a small Gram-negative rod requiring X-factor for growth?

Back 210

Haemophilus ducreyi.

Front 211

H. pylori appears to have some connection with

Back 211

ulcers AND stomach cancer.

Front 212

Limiting the activity of microbes in food can be accomplished by

Back 212

pasteurization.

cold storage.

lowering the pH.

growth inhibiting substances.

Front 213

Naturally occurring microbial chemicals may include

Back 213

benzoic acid.

lysozyme.

allicin.

peroxidase

Front 214

Which of the following play some role in sewage treatment?

Back 214

activated sludge

trickling filter

septic tank

lagooning

Front 215

Meningococcal meningitis is typically acquired through the

Back 215

respiratory tract.

Front 216

A vaccine for the common cold is not feasible because

Back 216

there are more than 100 types of rhinovirus

Front 217

C. parvum may infect

Back 217

dogs.

pigs.

cattle.

humans.

Front 218

Yersinia pestis typically contains

Back 218

three plasmids.

Front 219

Trichomonas vaginalis is an unusual eukaryote in that it

Back 219

lacks mitochondria.

Front 220

Entamoeba histolytica

Back 220

causes amebiasis.

may form cysts.

cysts survive passage through the stomach.

may produce a cytotoxic enzyme.

Front 221

What aspect of the virus life cycle makes it most difficult to treat?

Back 221

its incorporation into the host cell chromosome

Front 222

Giardiasis may be contracted from

Back 222

another person, clear mountain streams AND chlorinated city water.

Front 223

Why would the Sabin oral polio vaccine need to be eliminated as we get closer and closer to eradication of the polio virus?

Back 223

Since it is a live, attenuated viral vaccine, there's always the chance it could revert back into a pathogenic state by mutation. This would introduce new strains still capable of causing the illness into human populations, thwarting elimination.

Front 224

The conical sea floor vents that spout sulfide-rich, super-heated water at temperatures up to 300ºC are called

Back 224

hydrothermal vents

Front 225

A wound created by the drag of a knife across skin can be classified as

Back 225

incised.

Front 226

Amebiasis

Back 226

often causes a bloody diarrhea.

Front 227

The MMR vaccine is used to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella.

Back 227

true

Front 228

HTLV-III and LAV were renamed

Back 228

HIV

Front 229

Bacteria survive adverse conditions by forming

Back 229

endospores.

Front 230

Formation of biofilms attached to fibronectin and fibrinogen coating plastic devices like catheters and heart valves is a virulence mechanism of

Back 230

Staphylococcus

Front 231

What is the most likely reason why smokers are more at risk for respiratory system infections?

Back 231

Chemicals in cigarette smoke can impair the mucociliary escalator, preventing natural cleansing of the respiratory tract.

Front 232

Most colds are probably caused by

Back 232

rhinovirus.

Front 233

Trichomoniasis is caused by a

Back 233

protozoan.

Front 234

The activated sludge process

Back 234

is used during secondary treatment of sewage.

Front 235

Compared to the first big syphilis epidemic several hundred years ago in Europe, the strains of Treponema pallidum that cause syphilis today

Back 235

tend to be less virulent.

Front 236

Azotobacter

Back 236

are the chief suppliers of fixed nitrogen in grasslands

Front 237

HIV is a

Back 237

single-stranded RNA virus.

Front 238

Which of the following is associated with cervical cancer?

Back 238

genital warts

Front 239

The zone of soil that surrounds the roots and contains a variety of organic exudates is called the

Back 239

rhizosphere.

Front 240

If a compost pile is turned frequently and other conditions are adequate for aerobic digestion, the composting can be completed in

Back 240

six weeks.

Front 241

Which of the following organisms may grow at pH 3.5?

Back 241

fungi AND lactic acid bacteria

Front 242

HIV adversely affects

Back 242

macrophages AND T helper cells

Front 243

The problem of not being able to cultivate most microorganisms has led to the use of

Back 243

FISH.

microscopy with fluorescent dyes.

16s rRNA analysis.

DGGE.

Front 244

Which of the following is transmitted by mosquitoes?

Back 244

yellow fever AND malaria

Front 245

Which is more likely to happen-antigenic DRIFT, or antigenic SHIFT-and why?

Back 245

Antigenic DRIFT-since infection with only a single virus is required, and the random mutations happen as the virus replicates in the infected person's cells

Front 246

Foods such as acidic fruits are often spoiled by

Back 246

fungi

Front 247

Rowley Pharmaceutical company produces a drug that promotes new blood vessel growth. Is there any application for this drug in wound treatment?

Back 247

It could be very beneficial-one of the biggest problems with wound infections is their largely anaerobic nature. The blood supply to the area is usually compromised, helping to create the anaerobic environment. Certain pathogenic microbes then thrive in this environment, creating very serious wound infections.

Front 248

The Gram-negative opportunistic rod that can grow in a wide variety of environments, including disinfectants and soaps, is

Back 248

P. aeruginosa.

Front 249

Symptoms of plague appear in

Back 249

one to six days.

Front 250

Which of the following cannot be used in composting?

Back 250

meats and fats

Front 251

Shigella and cholera toxin both

Back 251

have an A-B arrangement.

Front 252

Identification of the various strains of N. meningitidis is through

Back 252

serogrouping.

Front 253

The researcher who did much of the early work on Clostridium tetani was

Back 253

Kitasato.

Front 254

The symptoms of cholera are due to the action of

Back 254

an exotoxin.

Front 255

The most common of the sexually transmitted viral diseases agents is

Back 255

human papillomavirus.

Front 256

Gas gangrene is so named due to the formation of

Back 256

carbon dioxide AND hydrogen.

Front 257

The most common cause of chronic lymph node enlargement at a localized body site in young children is

Back 257

cat scratch fever

Front 258

Cat scratch fever is caused by

Back 258

Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae.

Front 259

In rabies, the virus multiplies in one kind of cell then binds to receptors in the

Back 259

neuromuscular region.

Front 260

The disease most feared to develop after an animal bite is

Back 260

rabies.

Front 261

After integration into the host chromosome, HIV is referred to as a

Back 261

provirus.

Front 262

The practice of cells turning on the production of some enzymes and turning off others in response to a changing environment is called

Back 262

adaption

Front 263

The usual cause of genital herpes is

Back 263

herpes simplex virus type 2.

Front 264

Other microorganisms besides coliforms that have been used as indicators of fecal contamination may be

Back 264

Clostridia, Enterococci AND bacteriophages.

Front 265

The chronic inflammatory process involving the gums and tissues around the teeth is called

Back 265

periodontal disease

Front 266

For growth, most bacteria require water activity levels above

Back 266

0.90

Front 267

The first approved protease inhibitor was

Back 267

saquinovir.

Front 268

The sac which surrounds the heart is called the

Back 268

pericardium.

Front 269

The environment immediately surrounding an individual cell is called its

Back 269

microenvironment.

Front 270

During which trimester is toxoplasmosis most severe to the fetus?

Back 270

first

Front 271

HIV may be present in

Back 271

blood, semen AND vaginal secretions.

Front 272

Would babies need to be immunized against lockjaw (tetanus) if their mother had been immunized against the disease? Why or why not?

Back 272

Yes-because even though maternal IgG antibodies might be passed along through the placenta, they will not last forever. The baby will need to create its own antibody response to be protected against future tetanus.

Front 273

Many childhood diseases caused by viral infections of the upper respiratory tract can usually be diagnosed by

Back 273

inspection of the rash.

Front 274

The plague is typically transmitted via the bite of

Back 274

fleas

Front 275

Which of the following is often associated with poultry products?

Back 275

Salmonella AND Campylobacter

Front 276

Colds are effectively treated with

Back 276

None of the choices is correct.

Front 277

Which of the following diseases may manifest themselves with painful genital ulcers?

Back 277

chancroid AND leptospirosis

Front 278

An important feature of many wounds that may lead to more serious problems is that they are

Back 278

relatively anaerobic.

Front 279

The animal(s) most often associated with C. jejuni is/are

Back 279

chickens.

Front 280

Although unusually resistant to many control factors, the tubercle bacillus is easily killed by

Back 280

pasteurization.

Front 281

Which species of Plasmodium causes the most serious form of malaria?

Back 281

falciparum

Front 282

How can the biomass of fungi in soil be greater considering that bacteria are more numerous?

Back 282

This is a matter of size. Fungi, whether unicellular or multicellular, are eukaryotic. As such, they will generally be larger than bacteria (which are prokaryotic). This means that, even with a lower overall number, they will have more total biomass

Front 283

Leprosy is

Back 283

an infectious disease caused by a bacterium, also known as Hansen's disease AND described in the Bible.

Front 284

The virulence of Klebsiella is due partly to the

Back 284

antiphagocytic properties of their capsules.

Front 285

Acute bacterial endocarditis differs from subacute bacterial endocarditis in the

Back 285

suddenness and severity of onset.

Front 286

The common name for tularemia is

Back 286

rabbit fever

Front 287

Who determined that the cholera outbreak in 1850s London was due to contaminated water and approached the problem by removing the pump handle at the contaminated site?

Back 287

snow

Front 288

CNS diseases caused by fungus may occur in

Back 288

cancer patients.

diabetics.

AIDS patients.

immunosuppressed people

Front 289

Most bacteria are inhibited by a pH of

Back 289

4.5

Front 290

The water activity in foods that have high levels of salt or sugar is

Back 290

low

Front 291

Adenoviral pharyngitis is effectively treated with

Back 291

None of the choices is correct.

Front 292

Former president Ronald Reagan once commented at a press conference that the best way to combat the spread of AIDS in the US was to prohibit everyone from having sexual contact for 5 years. What would be the success of such a program if it were possible to carry out?

Back 292

It would be a failure-this 'program' wouldn't eliminate IV drug use or transmission of HIV from mother to child. Sexual transmission isn't the ONLY mode of transmission for this virus, AND many HIV positive individuals survive for longer than 5 years, even without treatment (sometimes without even realizing they're positive). Once sexual contact resumed, sexual transmission would also resume.

Front 293

Wastewater treatment decreases the amount of

Back 293

biodegradable carbon.

ammonia and nitrate.

phosphate.

pathogens

Front 294

HIV attacks a variety of cell types but the most critical are

Back 294

T helper cells.

Front 295

Microorganisms in abscesses often are not killed by antimicrobial agents because

Back 295

the microorganisms stop dividing, of the chemical nature of the pus AND of the lack of blood vessels.

Front 296

The growth of microorganisms in a food product is influenced by the availability of

Back 296

moisture.

acidity.

nutrients.

temperature.

Front 297

Why would soil and water be added to a compost pile?

Back 297

The organisms in the soil, along with the moisture from the water, would facilitate the natural decomposition of the material in the compost pile.

Front 298

The surface layer of the skin is the

Back 298

epidermis.

Front 299

The bacteria associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome is

Back 299

Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Front 300

The double-stranded HIV DNA is inserted into the host DNA by

Back 300

integrase.

Front 301

Tetanus prevents the release of neurotransmitters from

Back 301

inhibitory neurons

Front 302

The member of the normal flora sometimes considered responsible for tinea versicolor is

Back 302

Malassezia spp.

Front 303

Which is true about protein A?

Back 303

It binds to the Fc region of antibody AND it hides bacteria from phagocytes.

Front 304

The existence of extensive scalded skin syndrome does not indicate that Staphylococcus is growing in all the affected areas. Why not?

Back 304

This condition is caused by an exotoxin produced by certain strains of this microbe, and NOT directly by the microbe itself.

Front 305

Which of the following foods has the greatest amount of available water?

Back 305

steak

Front 306

The compost pile temperature at which pathogens, but not thermophiles, are killed is about

Back 306

55-66ºC.

Front 307

Which type of HIV is most prevalent in the United States?

Back 307

HIV-1

Front 308

Brucellosis may also be known as

Back 308

Bang's disease AND undulent fever.

Front 309

The problem(s) with using sludge as a fertilizer is/are the

Back 309

presence of heavy metals and similar pollutants AND presence of pathogenic organisms and viruses.

Front 310

The accepted method of testing water supplies for the possible presence of pathogens is to determine the presence of

Back 310

coliforms

Front 311

The organisms that obtain energy by oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source are called

Back 311

chemolithoautotrophs.

Front 312

Cytomegalovirus

Back 312

may be latent or lytic.

Front 313

Which of the following groups give rise to a disease similar to that caused by Shigella sp.?

Back 313

enteroinvasive

Front 314

Which of the following can only be identified using PCR after valve surgery?

Back 314

Tropheryma whippelii

Front 315

The central nervous system is made up of the

Back 315

brain and spinal cord.

Front 316

Which of the following has been involved in causing small epidemics in the U.S.?

Back 316

sporotrichosis

Front 317

The unique characteristic of Lyme disease is

Back 317

erythema migrans.

Front 318

Which of the following may have served as the ultimate source of HIV?

Back 318

chimpanzees

Front 319

The oxygen consuming property of a wastewater sample is designated by the term

Back 319

biochemical oxygen demand.

Front 320

The spread of mycoplasma is through

Back 320

inhalation of infected droplets.

Front 321

Which of the following agents travel up the nerves to penetrate the CNS?

Back 321

rabies, herpes simplex AND tetanus toxin

Front 322

Rapid diagnostic tests for streptococcal infections may utilize

Back 322

antibodies AND DNA probes.

Front 323

Pure water has a water activity value of

Back 323

1.00.

Front 324

The term used to describe the interrelationship between the living and non-living environments in an area is called a(n)

Back 324

ecosystem

Front 325

The circulation of an agent in the bloodstream is given a name ending in

Back 325

-emia

Front 326

Complications of measles may include pneumonia and encephalitis.

Back 326

true

Front 327

The principal cause of dental caries is

Back 327

S. mutans

Front 328

Herpes simplex, like other ulcerating genital diseases,

Back 328

promotes the spread of AIDS

Front 329

The organic matter in soil is referred to as

Back 329

humus.

Front 330

Which is true of the poliomyelitis virus?

Back 330

nonenveloped AND single-stranded RNA