Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Human microbiome |
Sum total of all microbes found on and in a normal human. |
|
|
___ ____ is critically important to the health and function of its host organisms |
Human microbiome |
|
|
Colonize |
Does not cause disease, resident microbiota |
|
|
Infection |
Microbes get past the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply. |
|
|
Disease |
When an infection causes damage or disrupt tissue and organs. |
|
|
A _____ is defined as any deviation from health |
Disease |
|
|
A pathologic state caused directly by microorganisms or their products |
Infectious-disease |
|
|
The body supports a wide range of microbes, why is this not surprising? |
Because the body has endless environmental niches that helps support mibrobiomes, the wide variations are pH, tempature, nutrients, and oxygen. |
|
|
The effect of "good" microbes have against intruder microorganisms. |
Microbial antagonism |
|
|
How does normal biota (microbiomes) affect those with compromised immune systems? |
They could very easily experience disease by their normal biota. |
|
|
What factors weaken the hosts defenses and increase possibility of infection? |
Age. (Old or infancy) Genetic defects in immunity. Surgery/organ transplants Underlying diseases (cancer, ect) Chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs. Physical/mental stress Pregnancy Other infections. |
|
|
Pathogen |
A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic about results in an infection |
|
|
Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses |
True pathogens |
|
|
Pathogens cause disease when the hosts defenses are compromised. |
Opportunistic |
|
|
Virulence |
The relative severity of the disease caused by a particular microorganism. |
|
|
The Virulence of a microbe is determined by its ability to.... |
1. Establish itself in the host 2. Cause damage |
|
|
Microbes must do what to the host inorder to establish itself? |
Enter the host, attach firmly to tissues, negotiate the microbiome, and survive host defenses. |
|
|
How to microbes cause damage to the host? |
Produce toxins or induce host response that is injurious to the host. |
|
|
Characteristic/structure of microbe that contributes to preceding activities. |
Virulence factor |
|
|
Portal of entry |
A charactieristic route that microbe enters the tissues of the human body. |
|
|
Organisms coming from outside the body. |
Exogenous |
|
|
Organisms coming from somewhere In The same human host. |
Endogenous |
|
|
Infectious dose |
Infection will proceed only if q minimum number is present. |
|
|
ID for gonorrhea, typhoid fever, and cholera. |
1,000, 10,000, and 1,000,000,000 |
|
|
What happens if the ID number is below infectious dose? What about above? |
Nothing will result, and onset disease can be rapid. |
|
|
____ ____ to host tissues, causing dosease because the human body has many mechanisms for flushing microbes and other foreign materials from tissues |
Firm attachment |
|
|
Phagocytes |
When microbes enter the body and are not in a normal biota relationship will encounter resistance from white blood cells. |
|
|
______ Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals. |
Phagocytes |
|
|
Why can some pathogens survive after being engulfed by phagocytes? |
They hide, grow, and spread throughout the body. |
|
|
What bacteria/pathogens adapt well inside phagocytes? |
Legionella, myobacterium, and rickettsias. |
|
|
What are the 3 major ways microorganisms damage their hosts? |
1. Produce toxins/enzymes 2. Inducing the hosts defenses to respond excessively or inappropriately. 3. Epigenetic changes made to host cells. |
|
|
Exotoxins |
Proteins with strong specificity for a target cell and are extremely powerful, sometimes deadly. |
|
|
How does exotoxins damage cells? |
Damages cell membrane, causing lysis, or disrupting intracellular function. |
|
|
Hemolysins |
Bacterial exotoxins that disrupt cell membrane of red blood cells. |
|
|
How does hemolysins cause hemolyze? |
Causes the RBC to burst and release hemoglobin pigment. |
|
|
A ____ is any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer. |
Sign |
|
|
A _____ is the subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient. |
Symptom |
|
|
Portal of exit |
Pathogen is shed or released from the body through secretion, excretion, discharge, or sloughed tissue. |
|
|
The time from initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms. |
Incubation period. |
|
|
During the incubation period the agents do what at the portal of entry? Does it cause damage? |
Multiply. Does not typically cause enough damage to elicit symptoms. |
|
|
The stage that causes discomfort, head/muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach that only lasts 1-2 days in the incubation period. |
Prodromal stage |
|
|
The stage in incubation that multiples at high levels, exhibits greatest virulence, and becomes well established in its target tissues. |
Acute stage |
|
|
Convalescent |
Patients strength and health gradually return from an infection, owing to the healing nature of the immune response. |
|
|
Reservoir |
The primary habitat in the natural world where a potential pathogen makes its home |
|
|
How can a reservoir be distinguished from the infection transmitter? |
The individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired. |
|
|
Carrier |
An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without any notice. |
|
|
Zoonosis |
An infection indigenous to animals but also transmissible to humans. |
|
|
A disease is ______ when an Infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host. |
Communicable. |
|
|
A ________ infectious disease does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host. |
Noncommunicable |
|
|
Healthcare-associated infections/nosocomial infections. |
Infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a hospital or health care facility stay. |
|
|
What devices In the hospital are portals of entry for infectious agents? |
Catheters, prosthetic heart valves, grafts, drainage tubes, tracheostony tubes. |
|
|
How do antimicrobial drugs at a hospital have an affect on patients? |
Microbes are more and likely to have a higher resistance and have a greater rate to infect patients than outside the hospital. |
|
|
What are the most common HAIs? |
Pneumonia, gastrointestinal illness, UTIs, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections. |
|
|
Epidemiology |
The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations. |
|
|
Epidemiology involves what principles/studies? |
Microbiology, anatomy, Physiology, immunology, medicine, psychology, sociology, ecology, and statistic. |
|
|
What does epidemiology consider? |
All forms of disease. (Heart disease, cancer, drug addiction and mental illnesses.) |
|
|
Prevalence |
The total number of existing cases in a given population of a disease. |
|
|
Incidence |
Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period. |
|
|
Morality rate |
Measures the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease. |
|
|
Common-source epidemic |
An infectious agent was present in a single source that had widespread distribution, infecting people in a wide geographic area. |
|
|
Propagated epidemic |
An outbreak of disease in which an infectious agent is passed from affected person to new persons over the course of time. |
|
|
If the R0 is high for a disease what is needed? |
Vaccines |
|
|
An infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time period in a particular geographic locale is ______. |
Endemic |
|
|
Sporadic |
Occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals in random locales. |
|
|
Prevalence of an endemic disease increasing beyond what is expected for that population it turns into an _____. |
Epidemic |
|
|
The spread of an epidemic across continents is a _____ |
Pandemic |
|
|
Microbiology |
Biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification. |
|
|
Microorganisms |
Bacteria or microorganisms that are too small to be seen without magnification. |
|
|
Helminths |
Multicellular animals whose mature form is visible to the naked eye. |
|
|
What microorganisms are in the domain of Eukarya? |
Protozoa, fungi, helminths |
|
|
What domain do bacteria and Archaea go in? |
They have they're own domain. |
|
|
Why do viruses and prions do not appear in the tree of life? |
They are not cells, and are not considered living. |
|
|
Biotechnology |
When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting. |
|
|
Bacterial and Archaeal cells are how much smaller than eukaryotic cells? |
10 times smaller. |
|
|
What do bacterial and archaeal cells lack compared to eukaryotic cells? |
Organelles |
|
|
What is spontaneous generation? |
The belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life. |
|
|
Abiogenesis |
The belief of spontaneous generation as a source of life |
|
|
Biogenesis |
Belief that living things can only arise from others of the same kind. |
|
|
What caused microbial growth in Pasteur's flask experiment? |
When the neck to the flask broke, causing dust to fall directly into container. |
|
|
When the first microscope was made what did it reveal? |
Microbes- that shared characteristics of larger, visible plants and animals. |
|
|
Who invented the microscope? |
Leeuwenhoek made 250 microscopes that could magnify up to 300 times more than the eye. |
|
|
After the discovery of microbes, the led to the discovery of what? |
Medicine or medical microbiology |
|
|
In the mid to latter half 19th century the introduction of _______ was made, resulting in what? |
Germ theory of disease, sterile, aseptic, and pure culture techniques. |
|
|
What did Dr. Holmes observe of mothers giving birth at home? |
Had fewer infections than those that gave birth at hospitals. |
|
|
What did Dr. Semmelweis prove/observed of women that became infected at the maternity ward? |
That after being examined by physicians coming from the autopsy room without cleaning their hands, the women because sick. |
|
|
Dr. Lister is know for what discovery? |
Aseptic techniques, such as disinfecting hands and air with antiseptic chemicals. |
|
|
Pasteur is know for what microbial role? |
Wine and cheese formation. Invented pasteurization. |
|
|
Germ theory of disease |
Proposed that microbes/microorganisms can be the cause of diseases. |
|
|
Cell |
Fundamental (smallest) unit of life- An individual membrane-bound living entity. |
|
|
Animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa are all made up of _______ cells. |
Eukaryotic |
|
|
What are the 3 primary concerns of modern taxonomy? |
Naming, classifying, identifying |
|
|
The method of assigning a scientific or specific name is called ______ ______. |
Binomial system. |
|
|
Escherichia coli -is Escheria the genus or species name? |
Genus |
|
|
Escherichia coli -Is coli the species or genus name? |
Species |
|
|
______are organized into several descending ranks, _____ category share one or few similarities and _____ category are the same kind of organism. |
Classification, highest, lowest. |
|
|
Phylogeny |
Natural relatedness between groups of living beings. |
|
|
Natural selection |
Changes of evolution in organisms that favor survival and reproduction. |
|
|
Cell types lacking a nucleus are in the domains of _____ and _____. |
Archaea, bacteria. |
|
|
Eukaryotes are placed in the domain of _____ |
Eukarya |
|
|
Why are viruses and prions not included in classification or evolutionary schemes? |
They are not cells or organisms. |
|
|
What are the 5 I's in microbiology in order? |
Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification. |
|
|
To culture microorganisms a tiny sample is placed into a ______. This process is known as _______. |
Medium, inoculation. |
|
|
To avoid contaminating or unwanted microorganisms to a medium, the instrument for picking up a sample must be _____. |
Sterile. |
|
|
Once inoculated, it is ____, which occurs in a laboratory. Tempatures are regulated between ____ and ___. |
Incubated. 20°C and 40°C |
|
|
Microbial growth in a liquid medium materializes as ______, ____, _____, or ___. |
Cloudiness, sediment, scum, color. |
|
|
Most common manifestation of growth on a solid medium is the appearance of ____. |
Colonies. |
|
|
A _____ _____ is a growth medium that contains only single known species or type of microorganism. |
Pure culture |
|
|
A ____ _____ is a container that holds two or more identified, different species of microorganisms. |
Mixed culture |
|
|
A _____ _____ was once pure or mixed but has since had contaminants introduced to it. |
Contaminated culture. |
|
|
______ ____ have a soft, clotlike consistency at room tempature. |
Semisolid media |
|
|
What media is used to examine the motility of bacteria and to provide backdrop for visible reactions to occur? (Liquid, semisolid, solid) |
Semisolid |
|
|
_____ media contain pure organic and inorganic compounds. |
Defined |
|
|
_____ media contain extract of animals, plants, or yeast, including materials as ground-up cells, tissues, and secretions. |
Complex. |
|
|
A ____ ____ contains one or more agents that inhibit growth if certain types of microbe(s). |
Selective medium |
|
|
_____ media us very important I. The initial stages of isolating specific type of microorganisms. |
Selective |
|
|
Feces, saliva, skin, water, and soil are examples of what media? |
Selective |
|
|
_____ _____ do not inhibit growth of any particular microorganisms but are designed to display visible differences in how they grow. |
Differential media |
|
|
What media shows up as variations in colony size or color? |
Differential |
|
|
The formation of gas bubbles and precipitates is show in ehat media? |
Differential |
|
|
Certain ______ techniques are based on the concept that individual bacterial cell is separated from other cells. |
Isolation |
|
|
Colony |
A cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from multiplication of a single cell |
|
|
An inoculating loop is used in the ____ plate method. A ____ is spread over the surface of the medium and seperates ___ over several sections. The goal is to allow a ____ cell to grow into a ____. |
Streak, sample/culture, cells, single, colony. |
|
|
A microscope can help _____ microorganisms. Certain techniques may need to be used to help identify ____ due to similar characteristics of different species. |
Identify, bacteria. |
|
|
Genetic and immunologic characteristics are also used for _____ of microorganisms such as bacteria. |
Identification |
|
|
The ____ ____ lens uses ____ to capture some of the light that would otherwise ve lost to scatter. |
Oil immersion, oil. |
|
|
____ microscopes that use visible light. |
Optical |
|
|
____- ____ microscope shows the specimen being denser and more opaque than it's surroundings, absorbs some of its light. |
Bright-field |
|
|
___-___ microscope brightly illuminated specimens surround by a dark (black) field. |
Dark-field |
|
|
____-___ microscope contains devices that transform the subtle changes in light waves passing through yhe specimen into differences in light intensity. |
Phase-contrast. |
|
|
______ microscope uses UV radiation, the UV radiation on the specimen causes it to give off light that will forn its own image |
Fluorescence |
|
|
_____ microscope overcomes the problem of cells it structures being too thick. Uses laser bean of light to scan various depths in the specimen |
Confocal |
|
|
_____ _____ microscope is the method of choice for viewing detailed structure if cells and viruses. |
Transmission electron (TEM) |
|
|
____ ____ microscope provides the most dramatic and realistic images of specimens. |
Scanning electron (SEM) |
|
|
A specimen for _____ microscopy is generally prepared by placing a sample on a glass slide. |
Optical |
|
|
_____ ____ that simultaneously kills the specimen and secures it to the slide. |
Heat fixation |
|
|
_____ means that the organisms are dried and attached to the glass slide. |
Fixed |
|
|
Procedure that applies colored chemicals to specimens. |
Staining |
|
|
If a specimen has a positive charge then it is known as a ____ dye. |
Basic/cationic |
|
|
A acidic or anionic dye to a specimen has what charge? |
Negative. |
|
|
A _____ stain, gives the specimen color. |
Positive |
|
|
A ____ stain, does not give a specimen color, but settles some distance from its outer boundary. |
Negative |
|
|
Require only a single dye |
Simple stains. |
|
|
Uses two differently colored dyes to distinguish cells types it parts. |
Differential stains. |
|
|
What 3 examples are differential stains? |
Gram stain, acid-fast stain. And endospore stain. |
