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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy:
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The study of structure
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What are the subdivisions of Anatomy?
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*Gross or macroscopic: study of structures visible to the naked eye
*Microscopic: can not be seen by the visible eye *Developmental: trace all structural changes that occur in a fetus |
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Gross or microscopic:
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*Regional: study of structure found in a region of the body
*Surface: of general & surface superficial markings *Systemic anatomy: study of the systems of the body. |
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Microscopic: |
*Cytology: the study of internal structure & function *Histology: the study of tissues |
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Developmental: |
*Embryology: the first 8 weeks or 2 months (embryo) after the egg gets fertilized. |
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Physiology: |
The study of function at many levels |
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Levels of Structural Organization: simplest to most complex |
*Chemical: atoms & molecules *Cellular: cells & their organelles *Tissue: groups of similar cells *Organ: contains two or more types of tissues*Organ System: organs that work closely together *Organismal: all organ systems |
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What are all of the organ systems? |
*Integumentary *Skeletal *Muscular *Nervous *Endocrine *Cardiovascular *Lymphatic *Respiratory *Digestive *Urinary *Reproductive |
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Integumentary System: *Parts:-Function: |
*Skin *Hair *Nails -Protects internal organs -Aids in body temp. regulation |
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Skeletal System: *Parts: -Function: |
*Bones *Joints -Protects & supports -Lever system |
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Muscular System: *Parts: -Function: |
*Muscles -Movement -Maintains posture |
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Nervous System: *Parts: -Function: |
*Brain *Sensory Receptors *Nerves *Spinal Cord -Detects changes in internal/external environment -Activates appropriate muscle/gland. |
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Endocrine System: *Parts: -Function: |
*Pineal Gland *Pituitary Gland *Thyroid Gland *Thymus *Adrenal Gland *Pancreas *Testis *Ovary -Maintains homeostasis -Promotes growth & development-Produces hormones |
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Cardiovascular System: *Parts: -Function: |
*Heart *Blood Vessels -Pumps blood -Transports blood |
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Lymphatic System: *Parts: -Function: |
*Red bone marrow *Thymus *Lymphatic vessels *Thoracic duct *Spleen *Lymph nodes -Picks up fluid leaking from the blood vessels & returns to blood -Cleanses blood of pathogens -Houses lymphocytes |
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Respiratory System: *Parts: -Function: |
*Nasal Cavity *Pharynx *Larynx *Trachea *Lung *Bronchus -Supplies O2 & removes CO2 |
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Digestive System: *Parts: -Function: |
*Oral Cavity *Esophagus *Liver *Stomach *Small Intestine *Large Intestine *Rectum *Anus -Breaks down ingested food to be absorbed -Removes undigested food from body |
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Urinary Sytem: *Parts: -Function: |
*Kidney *Ureter *Urinary Bladder *Urethra -Rid body of wastes -Maintains water -Electrolyte & acid-base balance of blood |
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Reproductive System: MALE *Parts: -Function: |
*Prostate Gland *Penis *Testis *Scrotum *Ductus Deferens -Provides sperm |
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Reproductive System: FEMALE *Parts: -Function: |
*Mammary Glands *Ovary *Uterus *Vagina *Ovary *Uterine Tube -Provides eggs -Uterus houses developing fetus -Mammary glands provide nutrition for infant |
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Normal Body Temp.? |
98.6 F or 37 C |
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What are the survival needs? |
*Nutrients *Oxygen *Water *Normal body temp. *Appropriate atmospheric pressure |
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Nutrients: |
*Chemicals for energy & cell building *Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins |
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Oxygen: |
*Essential for energy release (ATP production) |
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Water: |
*Most abundant chemical in the body *Site of chemical reactions |
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Normal body temp.: |
*Affects the rate of chemical reactions |
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Appropriate atmospheric pressure: |
*For adequate breathing & gas exchange in the lungs *760 mm Hg = 1 atm @ sea level |
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Homeostasis: |
Stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes |
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What are the components of a control mechanism? |
*Receptor (sensor) *Control Center *Effector |
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Receptor: |
*Monitors environment and responds to stimuli -Ex: Thermometer |
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Control Center: |
*Determines setpoint *Receives input from receptor *Determines appropriate response -Ex: Thermostat |
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Effector: |
*Receives output from control center *Provides mean to respond *Acts to recuse or enhance the stimulus -Ex: Air Conditioner |
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Negative Feedback: |
*Final output always shuts down the cycle*Prevents severe & sudden changes, without some sort of NF the body would be in complete dissary -Ex: Regulation of blood by ADH -Ex: Regulation of body temp. |
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Negative Feedback: Regulation of Blood Volume by ADH |
*Receptors: Sense decreased blood volume.*Control Center: In hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release ADH. *Effectors: ADH causes the kidneys to return more water to the blood |
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Positive Feedback: |
*Enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus *Final output restarts cycle -Ex: Labor contractions -Ex: Breast milk |
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What is the difference between organic & inorganic compounds? |
Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon & hydrogen as primary structural ingredients, whereas carbon & hydrogen form the bases in organic compounds. |
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Which of the following would be regarded as an inorganic compound? A) H2O B) NaCl C) No D) CH4 |
D-CH4 |
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Carbohydrates are made of? -Function: |
*Watered carbon *Glucose & starches -Major source of cellular fuel (glucose) -Structural molecules |
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Lipids are made of? |
Fats |
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Proteins are made of? |
Amino Acids |
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Dehydration Synthesis: |
*Removal of water *Combination reactions *Endergonic reactions *Anabolic reactions |
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Hydrolysis Reactions: |
*Addition of water *Decomposition reactions (breaking down)*Exergonic reactions *Catabolic reactions |
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What are the three classes of carbohydrates? |
*Monosaccharides *Disaccharides *Polysaccharides |
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Monosaccharides: |
*Simple sugars containing 3-7 C atoms *Glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose |
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Disaccharides: |
*Double sugars *Too large to pass through cell membranes *Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose |
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Polysaccharides: |
*Long chain of simple sugars *Not very soluble -Ex: Starch & Glycogen |
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Lipids & types: |
*Insoluble in water -Neutral fats or triglycerides -Phospholipids -Steroids -Eicosanoids |
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Triglycerides & functions: |
*Composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule -ratio 3-1 *Functions: -Energy storage -Insulation -Protection |
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Saturated Fatty Acids: |
*Single bonds between C atoms, max # of H *High degree of solid bonds @ room temp.*Derived from animals -Ex: Butter, lard, margarin |
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids: |
*High degree double bonds *Reduced # of H atoms *Derived from plants -Ex: Olive oil, Peanut oil, Soybean oil, Palm oil (BAD) |
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Phospholipids: |
*Important in cell membrane structure |
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Steroids: |
*Only lipids of nature with rings in structure *Ex: Cholesterol (bases of sex hormones), Vitamin D, Steroid Hormone, & Bile Salts |
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Leyukotrine: |
Attract white blood cells to a sight of injury |
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Examples of Eicosanoids: |
*Thromboxane's *Prostaglandins |
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Thromboxane's: |
Attract platelets to the sight of injury |
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Prostaglandins: |
Sensation of pain |
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Polypeptides are found between? |
2 Amino Acids |
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Protein: Function: |
*Structural Function: -ceratin & collagen *Hormonal Function: -insulin *Nervous Function: -topaine *Contractile Function: -actin & myosin *Transport Function: -hemaglobin *Immune Function: -antibodies |
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What are the structural levels of proteins? |
*Primary *Secondary *Tertiary *Quaternary |
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Primary: |
linear sequence of amino acids (rare) |
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Secondary: |
*A lot of hydrogen bonding *a helices = spiral (keratin) *b sheets = ribbon |
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Most of the structural proteins are? |
a helices |
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Tertiary: |
*Heavy twisting -Ex: enzymes, hormones, anti-bodies |
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Quaternary: |
*Two or more peptide chains -Ex: hemoglobin |
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Fibrous Proteins: |
*Structural Proteins *Strandlike, water insoluble & stable -Ex: keratin, elastin collagen & certain contractile fibers |
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Collagen: |
Most abundant in the body |
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Globular Proteins: |
*Functional Proteins *Compact, spherical, water-soluble & sensitive-Ex: antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones & enzymes. |
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Protein Denaturation: |
*Damage to proteins *High water or salt can destroy them |
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Molecular Chaperones: |
*Look over the proteins, all cells have them *Ensures quick & accurate folding & association of proteins *Assits translocation of proteins & ions across membranes *Promote breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins *Help trigger the immune response *Produce in response to stressful stimuli -Ex: Oxygen deprivation |
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Biological Catalysts: |
*Very important *Lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction -Ex: Host analogy, breaks the ice between guests & brings them together. |
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Characteristics of Enzymes: |
*Often named for the reaction they catalyze; usually end in -ase *Some functional enzymes (holoenzymes) consist of: -Apoenzyme (organic protein) -Cofactor (inorganic metal ion) or coenzyme (a inorganic vitamin) |
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Nucleic Acids: |
*Store & prices genetic information *DNA & RNA *5 carbon sugar, one end phosphate & the other any of these bases: -G: Guanine -T: Thymine -C: Cytosine -A: Adenine -U: Uracil |
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid: (DNA) |
*Stores genetic information *Highly coiled *Double stranded *Four Bases: -A: Adenine -G: Guanine -C: Cytosine -T: Thymine *Provides instructions for protein synthesis *Replicates before cell division |
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Ribonucleic Acid: (RNA) |
*Processes genetic information *Single stranded *Four Bases: -A: Adenine -G: Guanine -C: Cytosine -U: Uracil |
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What are the 3 types of RNA that carries out the DNA's orders for protein synthesis? |
*Messenger RNA *Transfer RNA *Ribosomal RNA |
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Messenger RNA: |
*Copies the gene |
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Transfer RNA: |
*Translates & brings amino acids together & puts them in order |
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Ribosomal RNA: |
*(Work bench) *Where it is assembled |
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): |
*Special nucleotide with additional 2 phosphate (energy boosts) *Kick start
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