Micro Chapter 9

Front 1

Why is HIV so harmful to human cells?

Back 1

HIV buds from a host cell and takes markers from the host. This makes our immune system unable to recognize them as foregin

Front 2

xenotransplants

Back 2

organ transplant into a human using animal organs

Front 3

the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product such as food, antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes

Back 3

biotechnology

Front 4

the insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

Back 4

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

Front 5

self replicating DNA molecule used to transport foreign DNA into a cell. It carries foreign DNA

Back 5

vectors

Front 6

what are usually used as vectors

Back 6

plasmids

Front 7

population of genetically identical cells arising from one cell, each containing a vector

Back 7

clone

Front 8

selecting for a naturally occurring microbe that produces that produces a desired product

Back 8

selection

Front 9

mutagens cause mutations that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait

Back 9

mutation

Front 10

a targeted and specific change in a gene

Back 10

site-directed mutagenesis

Front 11

a special class of DNA- cutting enzymes that exist in many bacteria. These enzymes destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells.

Back 11

restriction enzymes

Front 12

how are restriction enzymes useful in rDNA

Back 12

a restriction enzyme will cut a DNA at its particular recognition site, producing a DNA fragment with two sticky ends. You can enter a new plasmid here.

Front 13

a powerful way of working with the bacteria that have been transferred with these genetic entities

Back 13

antibiotic counter selection

Front 14

What is one requirement of a DNA molecule to be a vector

Back 14

it has to be able to self replicate.

Front 15

carry genetic entities from one organism to another

Back 15

shuttle vector

Front 16

a way to take a small amount of DNA and amplify it to make a bunch of copies to have enough for analysis

Back 16

Polymerase chain reaction

Front 17

What are the steps in the PCR

Back 17

1. take the amount of DNA you have, and heat it up until it melts

2. take primers to make copies of the DNA

3. keep repeating, the amount will double each time

Front 18

who created the PCR

Back 18

Kary Mullis

Front 19

what does reverse transcriptase PCR use as a template

Back 19

mRNA

Front 20

what are 5 ways to inter DNA into a cell. describe each

Back 20

1. transformation: cells take up DNA from the surrounding environment

2. Electroporation: electrical currents form pores in cell membranes

3. Protoplast fusion: removing cell walls from 2 bacteria, allowing them to fuse

4. Gene Gun: especially used in plant cells- blast the particles that are coated in DNA into the cell

5. micro-injection: uses a glass micro-pipette with a diameter that is much smaller than the cell

Front 21

what two ways do microbiologists obtain the DNA they are interested in

Back 21

1. genometric libraries

2. synthetic DNA

Front 22

a collection of clones containing different DNA fragments

Back 22

Genometric Libraries

Front 23

how is complementary DNA made?

Back 23

from mRNA by reverse transcriptase

Front 24

an enzyme that reads RNA into DNA

Back 24

reverse transcriptase

Front 25

builds genes using a DNA synthesis machine

Back 25

Synthetic DNA

Front 26

What are 2 ways to identify cells carrying a particular gene

Back 26

1. Blue-white screening

2. colony-hybridization

Front 27

identifies whether a cell has YFG by turning it blue

Back 27

blue-white screening

Front 28

uses DNA probes to find YFG

Back 28

colony hybridization

Front 29

short segments of single-stranded DNA complementary to the desired gene and links it to a reporter molecule

Back 29

DNA Probes

Front 30

Name some of the common organisms used in rDNA

Back 30

1. E.coli

2. Sacchanomyces

3. Plant cells and whole plants

4. mammalian cells

Front 31

what is the "E. coli of Eukaryotic cells"

Back 31

Sachhanomyces cerevisiae

Front 32

What are the advantages/disadvantages of using E. coli as a gene product

Back 32

Advantages= easily grown and it genomics are known

Disadvantages= produces endotoxins and does not secrete its proteins

Front 33

What are some reasons Microbiologists chose Sacchanomyces cerevisiae as a gene product

Back 33

it is easily grown and has a larger genome that bacteria and it expresses eukaryotic genes easily

Front 34

What are some advantages of choosing plant cells and whole plants as a gene products

Back 34

1. express eukaryotic genes easily

2. they are easily grown

3. they are large scale

4. they are low cost

Front 35

What are some advantages and disadvantages of using mammalian cells as a gene prodcut

Back 35

Advantages:

1. express eukaryotic genes easily

2. can make products for medical use

Disadvantages:

1. harder to grow

Front 36

vaccines that consist of only one component of a virus

Back 36

subunit vaccine

Front 37

one way street vaccine

Back 37

DNA Vaccine

Front 38

replacing defective or missing genes

Back 38

gene therapy

Front 39

occurs in eukaryotes as a defense against viruses and transpoons

Back 39

gene silencing

Front 40

Describe the process of gene silencing

Back 40

small interfering RNA's bind to mRNA, which is then destroyed by RISC

Front 41

holds promise for gene therapy for treateing genetic diseases

Back 41

RNA Interface

Front 42

inserts DNA encoding siRNA into a plasmid and transfers it into a cell

Back 42

RNA Interface

Front 43

sequences small pieces of genothmics, which are assembled by a computer

Back 43

shotgun sequencing

Front 44

the study of genetic material directly from environmental samples

Back 44

megagenomics

Front 45

what is the new goal for the human genome project

Back 45

to map all the proteins in human cells

Front 46

What did Jeremy Rifkin do that was significant

Back 46

tried to get rDNA outlawed because he though it was dangerous

Front 47

understanding gene function via computer based analysis

Back 47

bioinformatics

Front 48

determining proteins expressed in a cell

Back 48

proteomics

Front 49

discovering a gene function from a genetic sequence

Back 49

reverse genetics

Front 50

a process where DNA probes detect specific DNA in fragments called RFLP's that are separated by gel electropheresis

Back 50

southern blotting

Front 51

who is southern blotting named after

Back 51

Ed Southern

Front 52

the design and manufacture of extremely small electronic circuits build at the molecular level of matter.

Back 52

nanotechnology

Front 53

nanotechnology is used in drug ________ and ______

Back 53

targetting and delivery

Front 54

what produces crown gall disease in plants by inserting a Ti plasmid?

Back 54

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Front 55

how do we use Ti plasmids in rDNA?

Back 55

we remove the tumor and use it as a vector to transfer things into plants

Front 56

good for killing corn earworms

Back 56

Bt toxin

Front 57

how do Bt toxins kill earworms?

Back 57

they for a parasporal body that paralyze the digestive tract of organisms

Front 58

Restriction enzymes were first discovered with the observation that

Back 58

phage DNA is destroyed in a host cell

Front 59

Which will the DNA probe GGCTTA hybridize with?

Back 59

CCGAAT

Front 60

Which of the following if the fourth basic step to genetically modify a cell

Back 60

ligation

Front 61

What is the second enzyme used to make cDNA>

Back 61

ribozyme

Front 62

If youput a gene in a virus, the next step in genetic modification would be _______.

Back 62

transduction

Front 63

You have a small gene that you want replicated by PCR. You add radioactively labeled nucleotides to the PCR thermal cycler. After three replication cycles, what percentage of the DNA single strands are radioactively labeled?

Back 63

87.5%

Front 64

pieces of human DNA stored in yeast cells

Back 64

library

Front 65

a population of cells carrying a desired plasmid

Back 65

clone

Front 66

self-replication DNA for transmitting a gene from one organism to another

Back 66

vector

Front 67

a gene that hybridizes with m RNA

Back 67

antisense

Front 68

Ti plasmid stands for ________

Back 68

tumor inducing

Front 69

plasmids that can exist in several different species, such as bacterial, yeast and mammalian cells are called ________.

Back 69

shuttle vectors

Front 70

The lacZ gene encodes the enzyme __________.

Back 70

beta galatosidase

Front 71

RFLP stands for

Back 71

restriction fragment length polymorphisms

Front 72

restriction enzymes were first discovered with the observation that

Back 72

destroyed phage DNA

Front 73

Trial DNA vaccines are currently being tested against

Front 74

staggered ends, or sticky ends, are most useful in rDNA because they can be used to join two different pieces of DNA that were cut by the same _____ _______.

Back 74

restriction enzyme

Front 75

reverse transcriptase can be used to synthesize cDNA from an mRNA template, thus making a _______ gene

Back 75

intronless

Front 76

E. coli, like other gram negative bacteria, creates ______ as part of the outer layer of its cell wall

Back 76

endotoxins

Front 77

stretches of DNA that code for proteins are known as _______

Back 77

exons

Front 78

Microbes have been used for years in the production of

Front 79

_________ is most famous for its ability to fix nitrogen

Back 79

Rhizobium

Front 80

what is the second enzyme used to make cDNA?

Back 80

ribozyme

Front 81

colony hybridization is a common method of identifying calls that carry a specific ______gene

Back 81

cloned

Front 82

Escherichia, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter can be distinguished from Salmonella and Shigella based on their abilities to ferment the sugar ______

Back 82

lactose

Front 83

Serological testing can differentiate not only among bacterial species, but also among ______ within species

Back 83

strains

Front 84

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technique that can be used to increase the amount of microbial DNA to levels that can be tested by ___ _________.

Back 84

gel electrophoesis

Front 85

Advantages of using ribotyping to determine phylogenetic relationships include:

Back 85

1. all cells contain ribosomes

2. RNA genes have undergone few changes over time

3. Domain, Phylum, and in some cases genus have the same "signature sequences" in their RNA

4. cells don't have to be cultured in a lab

Front 86

Multi cellular ingestive heterotrophs are classified as

Back 86

animallia

Front 87

EcoR1 recognizes and cleaves the sequence _______

Back 87

GAATTC

Front 88

_______ are prokaryotes that don't have peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Back 88

Archaea

Front 89

of the more than 2600 species listed in the approved lists of bacterial names, fewer than 5% are

Back 89

human pathogens

Front 90

________ are maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms

Back 90

cladograms

Front 91

______ are not placed in a kingdom, they aren't composed of cells and can't grow without a host

Back 91

viruses

Front 92

fatty acid profiles are useful for identifying organisms

Back 92

True

Front 93

Living organisms are currently classified into 3 _____

Back 93

domains

Front 94

A domain can be classified into ______

Back 94

kingdoms

Front 95

_______ uses bacterial viruses susceptibilities to help determine infection sources

Back 95

phage typing