Micro Chapter 9

Front 1

What is biotechnology?

Back 1

is the use of microorganisms, cells or cell components to make a product

Front 2

NAME
is the use of mircoorganisms , cells or cell compants to make a product

Back 2

biotechnology

Front 3

What are recombinant DNA technology?

Back 3

are techniques used to deliberately remove genetic material from one organism and combine it w gentic material of a different organism

Front 4

NAME
are techniques used to diliberertaley remove genetic material from one orgaganism and combine it with genteic material of the different organism

Back 4

recombinant DNA technology

Front 5

What is genetic engineering do?

Back 5

inserts genes into cells

Front 6

NAME
inserts genes into the cells

Back 6

genetic engineering

Front 7

Give a overview of the process of genetic engineering? (5)

Back 7

(1)isolate the desired gene (2)insert the gene into the vector (3)transfer the vector to a bacterial cell (4) clones form through binary fission (5) the harvest the genes (genotype) or isolate the gene product (phenotype)

Front 8

NAME
process includes
(1)isolating the desired genes (2)insert the genes into the vector (3) transfer the vector to the bacterial cell (4) the vector grows forming clones through binary fission (5)then harvest the gene (genotype) or isolate a gene product (phenotype)

Back 8

Genetic engineering

Front 9

What are stone-washed jeans? (how/the microbe does to make stonewashed jeans)

Back 9

are cellulases prodcued by a fungus are used to digest some of the cellulose in cotton to make a softer denium

Front 10

NAME
are cellulases produced by a fungus are used to digest some of the cellulose in cotton making a softer denium

Back 10

Stone Washed

Front 11

Bacteria can produce both (1) and (2).

Back 11

(1)cotton (2)polyester

Front 12

What is the old way polyester used to be made?

Back 12

from protroelum producing toxix waste

Front 13

NAME
used to be made from proteleum, but isnt no longer bc it procuces lots of toxic waster

Back 13

polyester

Front 14

How is polyester made today? (the environmentally friendly kind)

Back 14

from genetically modified bacterium that can be grown on agricultural waste which is biodegradable

Front 15

NAME
cane be made from genetically modified bacterium that can be grown on aricultural waste which is biodegradable

Back 15

polyester

Front 16

(1) production prodcues wastes that explodes in contact w air

Back 16

Indigo

Front 17

Indigo production produces wastest that (1)

Back 17

explodes in contact with air

Front 18

What have two gene companies done to make ensure that indigo is produced safely with out explosion?(2)

Back 18

by using microgoranisms (1) one of which is genectically-altered blue strain of E coli and (2)the other was a muatated fungus

Front 19

Over (1) can make plastic

Back 19

over 25 types of bacteria

Front 20

What is alernative biodradable way to prodcue plastic other then from petroleum?

Back 20

by being made from over 25 different types of bacteria

Front 21

NAME
can be made from 25 differenty types of bacteria instead of perroleum

Back 21

Plastic

Front 22

NAME
the source of DNA

Back 22

the genome

Front 23

The genome is the source of (1)

Back 23

DNA

Front 24

Where is DNA found in prok?

Back 24

nucleiod

Front 25

NAME TYPE OF CELL
DNA is found in the nucleiod

Back 25

prok

Front 26

NAME TYPE OF CELL
DNA is found in the nucleus

Back 26

Euk

Front 27

Where is the DNA found in euk?

Back 27

nucleus

Front 28

NAME TYPE OF Organism
DNA is found in the plasmids (2)

Back 28

bacteria and fungi

Front 29

Where is DNA found in bacteria and fungi?

Back 29

the plasmids

Front 30

How do we get DNA out of the cell?

Back 30

by breaking open the cell and cuting up the DNA

Front 31

T or F
DNA synthesis machines can make 120+ nucleotides sequences

Back 31

True

Front 32

(1) can make 120+ nucleotides sequences

Back 32

DNA synthesis machines

Front 33

What are gene libraries?

Back 33

are fragments of DNA that are stored in plasmids or phages

Front 34

NAME
are fragments of DNA that are stored in plasmids or phages

Back 34

gene libraries

Front 35

T or F
cDNA is not free of introns

Back 35

False

Front 36

What does cDNA stand for?

Back 36

complementary DNA

Front 37

How cna cDNA be made?

Back 37

from mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA using reverse transciptase in retroviruses

Front 38

NAME
can form from mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA using reverse trnasciptase in retroviruses

Back 38

cDNA

Front 39

reverse transcriptase ocurs in (1)

Back 39

retroviruses

Front 40

What is reverse transciptase?

Back 40

conversion of RNA into DNA in retroviruses

Front 41

NAME
is the conversion of RNA into DNA in retro viruses

Back 41

reverse transciptase

Front 42

Can more gene libraries be made if needed?

Back 42

yes

Front 43

What does PCR stand for?

Back 43

polymerase chain reaction

Front 44

What is PCR?

Back 44

a method for creating a large number of DNA or RNA copies

Front 45

NAME
is a method for creating a large number of DNA or RNA copies

Back 45

PCR

Front 46

NAME
rapidly increases the amount of DNA or RNA in sample

Back 46

PCR

Front 47

the thermal cycle is also refered to as the (1)

Back 47

PCR machine

Front 48

The PCR machine is also called the (1)

Back 48

the thermal cycle

Front 49

NAME
the thermal cycle regulates cyclic temp changes

Back 49

the thermal cycle

Front 50

The thermal cycle regulates (1)

Back 50

the cyclic temp changes

Front 51

What are some techinques used in Genetic engineering? (4)

Back 51

(1)DNA fingerprinting (2)Southern Blot (3)inserting foreign DNA into cells (4) Selecting a clone and making an end product

Front 52

(DNA fingerprinting) How are the DNA fragments separted?

Back 52

electrophoresis

Front 53

During DNA fingerprinting, (1) separtes DNA fragments

Back 53

electrophoresis

Front 54

What is electrophoresis?

Back 54

separates DNA fragements during DNA fingerprinting process

Front 55

During DNA finferprinting process, samples are subject to (1)

Back 55

electric currents

Front 56

During DNA fingerprinting, when the sample are subject to electric current, what happens to the DNA?

Back 56

bc it is negativly charged, DNA migrates towards the postive pole

Front 57

What happens in the final step of DNA fingerprinting?

Back 57

RFLP's separated by electrophoresis are compared to a pattern

Front 58

NAME
RFLP"S are separated by electrophoresis are compared to a pattern ("ladder")

Back 58

DNA fingerprinting

Front 59

NAME some of the steps during DNA fingerprinting (3)?

Back 59

(1)DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes are separated by electrophoresis (2)Samples are subject to electic currents (3) RFLP's separated by electrophoresis are compared to a pattern ("ladder")

Front 60

What is southern Blot?

Back 60

is a hybridization technique used to sequence DNA

Front 61

NAME
is a hybridization technique used to sequence DNA

Back 61

Southern Blot

Front 62

A DNA fingerprint is made through the use of (1)

Back 62

electrophoresis

Front 63

A (1) is made through the use of electrophoresis

Back 63

DNA fingerprinting

Front 64

RFLPS are transferred to a (1) by (2)

Back 64

(1)speacil filter (2) blotting

Front 65

(1) are transferred to a speacil filter by blotting

Back 65

RFLPS

Front 66

during Southern blotting, DNA fragments are (1) whereve it (2).

Back 66

(1)incubated w/a radioactivaely labeled DNA probe (2)hydbridzes it will bind

Front 67

During (1), DNA fragment are incubated w/a radioactively labeled DNA probe (wherever it hybridizes it will bind)

Back 67

Southern Blotting

Front 68

During southern blotting,
DNA fragments are deveolped w (1) and observed for a band to id (2)

Back 68

(1)X-ray film (2) RFLP

Front 69

What are five ways to insert foregign DNA into cells?

Back 69

(1)transformation (2) Electroporation (3) Protoplast fusion (4) gene guns (5) Microinjection

Front 70

What is transformation?

Back 70

is the inducing of cells to make foriegn DNA in same cases by making them competant able to absorb DNA

Front 71

NAME
is the inducing of cells to make foriegn DNA in some cases by making them competant able to absorb DNA

Back 71

transformation

Front 72

(1) was used in the cloning of the lamb Dolly

Back 72

Electroporation

Front 73

Electroporation was used in the (1)

Back 73

cloning of the lamb Dolly

Front 74

What is electroporation?

Back 74

brief electrical pulse used to produce temporary pores in the cell membrane

Front 75

NAME
is the brief use of electrical pulses to produce temporary pores in the cell membrane

Back 75

electroporation

Front 76

How is protoplast fusion used to insert forgien DNA into cells?

Back 76

cell wall if present is removed w enzymes and the protoplasts are induced to fuse using polythylene glycol

Front 77

NAME
insertation of the DNA into the cells is made possible when cell wall if present is removed w enzymes and the protoplasts are induced to fuse using phothylene glycol

Back 77

protoplast fusion

Front 78

How are gene guns used to insert forgien DNA into Cells?

Back 78

small shotguns shoot genes through cell walls of plants with mintue tungsten or gold bullets

Front 79

NAME
small shotguns shoot genes through cell walls of plants with minute tungsten or gold bullets so that forgien DNA can be inserted into cells

Back 79

gene guns

Front 80

How is mircoinjection used to inert forgien DNA into the cell?

Back 80

a micropipette is used to puncture the cell membrane and inject DNA into the cell

Front 81

NAME
a micropipette is used to puncture the cell membrane and inject forgien DNA into the cell

Back 81

microinjection

Front 82

What are the six steps known for selecting a clone and making a end product?

Back 82

(1)isolate the desired gene and plasmid (2)cut both w the same restriction enzyme (3)the sticky ends will join by Hydrogen bonding through base pairing (4) Liagase is used to seal the ends rejoining the sugar-phosphate backbone (5) the plasmid is absorbed by the cell through transformation (6)transformed cells are selected on a medium containing ampicillin

Front 83

NAME
is used to seal the ends rejoining the sugar-phosphate backbone

Back 83

ligase

Front 84

During the process for selecting a clone and making the end product, how do the sticky ends join together?

Back 84

by hydrogen bonding through base pairing

Front 85

What are some theraepytic applications for genetic engineering? (4)

Back 85

(1)horomones (2)immune treatments (3)subunit vaccinces such as Hepatitis B and HIV (4)gene therapy

Front 86

NAME
was orginally from animals and some people had allergic reactions

Back 86

insulin

Front 87

Where was insulin origanlly from?

Back 87

animals

Front 88

NAME
orginal source was from human cadavers

Back 88

growth hormones

Front 89

Where did we orginally get growth horomones from?

Back 89

human cadavers

Front 90

Where did we get the horomone somatostatin from?

Back 90

500,000 sheep brains

Front 91

NAME
is a horomone in which comes from 500,000 sheep brains

Back 91

Somatostain

Front 92

What is genome sequencing ?

Back 92

is determining the order of nucleotides in DNA

Front 93

NAME
is determining the order of nucleotides in DNA

Back 93

genome sequencing

Front 94

What is random shot gun sequencing?

Back 94

when small pieces of a genome are sequenced and then all those sequences are assembled using a computer

Front 95

NAME
is when smallpieces of a genome are sequenced and then all those sequences are assembled using a computer

Back 95

random shot gun sequencing

Front 96

What is bioinformatics?

Back 96

is understanding the gene function through computer assistance called GeneBank

Front 97

NAME
is understanding the gene function through computer assistance called GeneBank

Back 97

bioinformatics

Front 98

What is proteomics?

Back 98

is determining all the protiens expressed in a cell

Front 99

NAME
is determining all the protiends expressed in a cell

Back 99

proteomics

Front 100

What are two issues (Ethical) involving genetic enginnering?

Back 100

(1)food safety (2)cloning such as Molly and DOlly

Front 101

Describe; how Dolly was clonged? (4)

Back 101

(1)cells were taken from a Finn Doreset and placed in a culture w very little nutirents (starving the cells which stopped cell division) (2)an unfertilized egg from a Scottish Blackfare ewe /only made up of cytoplasm (no nucleus) (3)the udder cell w/ inactive genes and the modifed egg were placed next to each other and give 2 ectric pulses to fuse the eggs and start cell division (4)the embyro was planted into the utereus and th mother gave birth to Dolly

Front 102

(1) gave birth to DOlly alamb gentically indentical to the orginal donor-the (2)

Back 102

(1)Blackface ewe (2)Finn Dorset

Front 103

the blackface ewe gave birth to (1), a lamb gentically indentical to the orginal donor the finn dorset

Back 103

Dolly

Front 104

When they created Dolly, what two types of cells were used?

Back 104

(1)one that had been starved to stop cell division (low nutrients)~aka a udder cell w inactive genes (2)a unfertilzed egg that had the nucleus removed leaving only the cytoplasm

Front 105

When they created Dolly, the udder cell with the inactive genes, the udder cell with inactive genes and the modifed egg w no nucleus were placed next each other and given a (1)

Back 105

(1)electrical pulse twice

Front 106

When they created Dolly,(1) and (2) were placed next each other and given a given a electrical pulse twice

Back 106

(!)the udder cell with inactive genes (2)the modifed egg w no nucleus

Front 107

When the created Dolly, what was the point of using the electrcal pulse the first time on the udder cell with inactive genes and the modifed egg w no nucleus? and the secound time?

Back 107

(1)fuse the both the cell and the nucleus (2) start cell division

Front 108

NAME
visible experession of genes

Back 108

phenotype

Front 109

NAME
large base sequeuence moves gentic material btwn bacterial chromosomes

Back 109

transposons

Front 110

NAME
enzyme that does the unzipping of DNA

Back 110

helicase

Front 111

NAME
enzyme that seals or binding of covalent sugar and phosphate bonds in DNA backbone

Back 111

ligase

Front 112

NAME
information encoded in RNA used to synethsize specfic protiens

Back 112

translation

Front 113

NAME
one conserved strain and one new strain

Back 113

semi-conservative

Front 114

NAME
In Euk gene, the regions where DNA is expressed

Back 114

exon

Front 115

NAME
langauge of mRNA in the form of (1)

Back 115

codon

Front 116

NAME
transfer of a naked DNA fragment

Back 116

transformation

Front 117

NAME
enzyme that cuts the sugar phosphate bone

Back 117

restriction endonuclease

Front 118

NAME
gentic info in DNA copied into complementary base sequence of RNA

Back 118

transcription

Front 119

What are the three main took kits for gentic engeriering?

Back 119

(1)restriction enzymes (2)ligase (3)reverse transcrptase

Front 120

What are restriction enzymes?

Back 120

are enzymes that recoginize and cleave (cut) DNA at site of palindromic sequence

Front 121

NAME
are enzymes taht recoginze and cleave (cut) DNA at site of palindromic sequences

Back 121

restriction enzymes

Front 122

T or F
restriction enzymes can read forward or backward

Back 122

True

Front 123

Restriction enzymes cutting patterns can produce staggered tails called (1)

Back 123

sticky ends that are joinged by H bonding

Front 124

What does synthetic mean?

Back 124

artifical

Front 125

Why is the PCr machine called the thermal cycler?

Back 125

bc it works at 94 C

Front 126

What are the three cycles of the PCR machine?

Back 126

(1)melt (2)anneal (3) Extend

Front 127

For PCR, enzymes need to be (1)

Back 127

thermal resistant

Front 128

The PCR machine will only (1)

Back 128

reprodcue fragments of DNA

Front 129

How many cycles does it take for the PCR machine to work?

Back 129

30

Front 130

What are the benfits of the PCR machine?

Back 130

sesntivity

Front 131

T or F
DNA fingerprinting can be used to idtenfy gentic diseases

Back 131

true

Front 132

What are function of the PCR machine? (5)

Back 132

(1)clone DNA for recombination (2)amplify DNA to decetable values (3)sequence DNA (4)diagnose gentice disease (5)Direct pathogens

Front 133

Give some ex(s) of end products (4)

Back 133

(1)E coli (2)yeast (3) mammalian cell (4) plant cells

Front 134

What is insulin's function?

Back 134

functions in the break down of energy

Front 135

NAME
functions in the break down of energy

Back 135

insulin

Front 136

What is the function of interferon?

Back 136

helps with the immune system

Front 137

NAME
helps with the immune system

Back 137

inferferons

Front 138

What are subunit vaccines?

Back 138

made up of protens

Front 139

NAME
are vaccines made up of protiens

Back 139

subunit vaccines

Front 140

(1) may be the 1st vaccine to fight against HIV

Back 140

subunit vaccanines

Front 141

Subunit vaccacines may help fight against (1) and (2)

Back 141

(1)Hepatitis B (2)possibly HIV

Front 142

What are some Safety Issues and Ethics of gentic enginereering? (3)

Back 142

(1)avoid accidental release (2)Gentically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for their environment (3)who will have acess to an individuals gentic info

Front 143

Bioengeering in plants is made possbile through (1)

Back 143

Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Front 144

(1) can turn off the expression of a target gene such as tamtato ripening

Back 144

Anti-sense DNA technology

Front 145

Anti-Sense refers to the (1)

Back 145

negative DNA

Front 146

Anti-sense DNA technology can (1)

Back 146

can turn off a target gene such as tomtato ripening

Front 147

What are transgenic animals?

Back 147

animals altered to produce medically useful product in milk

Front 148

NAME
are animsal altered to produce medically uself products in milk

Back 148

transgenic animals