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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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organization of living structure (7 cell functions) |
1)provides spatial arrangement for biochem rxns(maintenance/synthesis) 2)membrane=boundary layer--keep cell integrity 3)maintains required energy 4)cells reproduce independently 5)genetic mat. in cell specifies organization &activity of org 6)multicellular orgs differentiate into specialized structures 7)compartmentalized |
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the cell is |
the basic unit of organization in living systems |
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protozoa and algae are |
unicellular |
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in higher organisms, cells |
differentiate to make diff tissues,,, diff cells diff specializations of functions |
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examples of diff types of cells |
skin cell, wbc, rbc, skin cell |
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stem cell can branch into |
erythroid hematopoiesis myogenesis neural signaling structural |
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erythroid- HEMATOPOIESIS- myogenesis- neural- signaling- structural- |
-RBC -creation of all other blood cells (wbc, b-cells, macrophages, t-cells,) -cardiomycyte, smooth muscle -astrocyte, microglia, oligodentrocyte, photoreceptor -beta cell -chondrocyte, osteoblast |
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why must cells b compartmentalized |
must exchange material w/ environment to meet physiological needs |
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what is compartmentalization
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permits the establishment of a particular biochem rxn in a specific area where specialized rxns occur. -uneven distribution of molecules -may protect structures from being hydrolyzed by enzymes |
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VIRUSES -cell struc -dna/rna -nuc -ribosomes -organelles -multicellular -cell wall? |
-n/a -NO -n/a -n/a -n/a -n/a -n/a NOT CELLS!!! |
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BACTERIA (domain) -cell struc -dna/rna -nuc -ribosomes -organelles -multicellular -cell wall? |
-prokaryotic -yes -no -70S -no -no -peptidoglycan |
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FUNGI (kingdom) -cell struc -dna/rna -nuc -ribosomes -organelles -multicellular -cell wall? |
-eukaryotic -yes -yes -80S -yes -both -CHITIN(homopolymer) |
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PROTOZOA -cell struc -dna/rna -nuc -ribosomes -organelles -multicellular -cell wall? |
-eukaryotic -yes -yes -80S -yes -no -no |
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HELMINTHS -cell struc -dna/rna -nuc -ribosomes -organelles -multicell -cellwall? |
-euk -yes -yes -80S -yes -yes -no |
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what are the three domains of life? what are the six kingdoms? what is kingdom protista made of? |
-archaea, bacteria, eukaryota -fungi anamalia plantae protista...eubacteria... archaebacteria -protozoa,unicellular algaea, slime molds |
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order of establishment of life |
atom->molecule->macromolec.->organelle->cell-->tissue-->organ-->organ system->organism |
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what are helminths |
monogeneans, cestodes (tapeworms), nematodes (roundworms), and trematodes(flukes). the phyla Annelida, Platyhelminths, Nematoda and Acanthocephala.[4] |
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EXCEPTION to viruses stands for has? |
mimivirus stands for mimicking microbe has DNA AND RNA |
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mitochondria and chloroplasts contain function |
their own set of 70S ribosomes energy generation |
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examples of organelles |
golgi body, mitochondria |
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only thing more complex in prokaryotes than euks |
the cell wall (peptidoglycan) |
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MORPHOLOGY= 3 major types |
size & shape -coccus(sphere) -bacillus/rod(cylinder) -spiral/helicoidal(twists) |
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3 types of spiral |
spirillium- (rod twists/ lose spiral) spirochete-tight helix, long vibrio- half moon |
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diplococci strep tetracocci staph sarcina |
1plane,pairs 2 plane, chains 3 planes,tetrads 3 planes,irregularly 3 planes, cuboidalpackets |
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morphology traits are usually typical per |
genus |
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proper way to name |
Escherichia coli or E. coli always ITALICIZE |
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size of cell order thiomargarita e coli staph fischeloni mycoplasma |
thiomargarita namibiensis
epulopiscium fishelsoni beggiota species achromatium oxaliferum lyngba majuscula thiovulum staph magnetabacterium e.coli pelagibacter mycoplasma |
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thiomargarita namibiensis epulopiscium fishelsoni beggiota species achromatium oxaliferum lyngba majuscula thiovulum staph magnetabacterium e.coli pelagibacter mycoplasma |
diameter cell vol e.coli volumes=1/2 cell vol 750 200mil 80x600 3mil 50x160 1mil 35x95 80k 8x80 40k 18 3k 15 1.8k 2x10 30 1x2 2 .2x.5 .014 .2 .005 |
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proks are bigger or smaller than elks? size limit on proks because? if an org is larger, it must be how are transport rates related to size? transport rates are a function of? |
usually much smaller too large=rate of transport to slow multicellular inversely prop. SA to V |
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collision theory smaller cells can |
with a larger surface area to V ratio.... more collisions happen grow faster & larger populations than big cells |
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rank in increasing size-- strep, staph e coli, bacillus megatarium, haemophilus influenzae |
LARGEST
staph - 15 bacillus megaterium - 1.5x4 e coli - 1x2 strep - .25x1.2 influenzae - .8 |
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formula for SA of sphere formula for V of sphere reduced formula for SA/V ratio of sphere |
4πr^2 4/3πr^3 3/r |
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Viruses are? Are viruses cells? what is their structure(made of)? |
obligate intracellular parasites no. Acellular(no host no reproduction no life) nucleic acid & capsid |
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their nucleic acid is made of |
DNA OR RNA either or never both(Except mimivirus) |
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What is a CAPSID? |
protein coat-polymer of capsomeres |
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VIROIDS: cellular? appears WHAT TYPE OF STRUCTURE? has protein? exists outside host cell? |
SINGLE STRANDED CIRCULAR RNA ACELLULAR appears double stranded b/c intracellular base pairing SECONDARY STRUCTURE lacks protein. yes. |
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where are viroids found disease in animals? protein coding? so... |
entering through wounds in plant cells no.. no protein coding...intrferes w/ Rrna in plants |
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PRIONS: structure(made of)? lack? level of organization cellular? animal infectious? example of prion disease |
SMALL REPLICATING POLYPEPTIDES made of proteins -lack nucleic acid(no dan/rna) can have up to quaternary. acellular. yes. (BSE) mad cow disease, scrapie in sheep, crutzfeldt-jacob disease (CJD) |
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What cells produce normal form of prion protein? Host contains what gene that codes for normal prion? What are the two forms of prion protein calledwhat are their configurations? |
Neuronal cells gene (PRNP) native form and misfolded form(speculative) PrP^c and PrP^Sc |
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structure conformation differentations? difference in structure when a Sc prion enters healthy org....? end result? the abnormal proteins.... |
normal conformer & rogue conformer native=a-lpha helix misfold=B-eta pleated sheet It changes pre-existing normal prions to abnormal form by catalyzing the misfolding aggregate in neural cells -->destrucion of neural tissue &neurological symptoms (NEURODEGENERATION) |
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viruses,viroids, & prions lack |
cellular membrane |
