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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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first line of defense |
any defense that protects against infection at the portal of entry (nonspecific) - skin - mucous membranes of respiratory - urogenital - eyes - digestive tract |
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lysozyme |
enzyme that hydrolyzes the cell wall of bacteria, in tears |
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nonspecific chemical defenses |
- lysozyme - hydrochloric acid/bile etc. - lactic acid and electrolytes in sweat - skin's acidic pH - antimicrobial in semen - acidic pH in vagina |
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immunology |
study of the bodies second and third line of defenses |
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functions of a healthy immune system |
1) surveillance of the body 2) recognition of foreign material 3) destruction of material recognized as foreign |
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Four major components of immune system |
1) reticuloendothelial system (RES 2) extracellular fluid (ECF) 3) Bloodstream 4) lymphatic system |
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white blood cells (leukocytes) |
innate capacity to recognize and differentiate foreign material |
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nonself |
foreign material |
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self |
normal cells of the body |
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pathogen associated patterns (PAMPS) |
molecules shared by microorganisms |
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pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) |
receptors on WBCs for PAMPS |
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reticuloendothelial system |
network of connective fibers that interconnects with other cells and meshes with the connective tissue network surrounding organs |
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mononuclear phagocyte system |
microphages in RES ready to attack and ingest microbes that passed first line of defense |
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blood serum |
liquid portion of blood after clotting has formed (minus clotting factors) |
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plasma (blood) |
92% water, rest is chemical components necessary for normal physiological functions |
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hemopoiesis |
productions of blood cells |
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granulocytes/agranulocytes of WBCs |
granulocytes - lobed nucleus agranulocytes - unlobed, rounded nucleus |
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neutrophils (granulocytes) |
lobed nuclei with lavender granules; phagocytes |
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eosinophils (granulocytes) |
bilobed nuclei, orange granules, destroys eukaryotic bacteria |
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basophils (granulocytes) |
constricted nuclei, dark blue granules, release potent chemical mediators - mast cells: nonmotile elements bound to connective tissue |
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lymphocytes (agranulocytes) |
10-35% specific immune response B cells - humoral immunity; activated B cells produce antibodies T cells - cell mediated immunity; activated T cells modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells |
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monocytes, macrophages (agranulocytes) |
3-7%; largest of WBCs, kidney shaped nucleus; phagocytic macrophages - final differentiation of monocytes dendritic cells - trap pathogens and participate in immune reactions |
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erythrocytes |
develop from bone marrow stem cells, lose nucleus, simple biconcave sacs of hemoglobin |
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platelets |
formed elements in blood that are NOT whole cells |
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functions of lymphatic system |
1) provides an auxiliary route of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system 2) acts as a drain off system for the inflammatory response 3) renders surveillance, recognition and protection against foreign material |
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lymphatic fluid |
plasma like liquid carried by lymphatic circulation - formed whed blood components move out of blood vessels into extracellular spaces - made of protein, water, salts - transports WBCs, fats, infectious agents etc. |
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lymphatic vessels |
all parts of the body except CNS, thymus, bone, placenta - thin walls easy permeated by extracellular fluid which is then moved through contraction of skeletal muscles - function is to return lymph to circulation; flow is unidirectional, toward heart to blood stream |
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primary lymphoid organs |
sites of lymphocytic origin and maturation; bone marrow and thymus |
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secondary lymphoid organs |
circulatory based locations such as spleen and lymph nodes - collections of cells distributed throughout body tissues - skin and mucous membranes, SALT, GALT, MALT |
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thymus (lymphoid) |
high rate of growth until puberty, then beings to shrink - site of T cell maturation |
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lymph nodes |
small, encapsulated, bean shaped organs located along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
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spleen (lymphoid) |
structurally similar to lymph nodes; filters circulating blood to remove worn out RBCs and pathogens |
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miscellaneous lymphoid organs |
GALT Peyer's patch |
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actions of the second line of defense |
1) recognition 2) inflammation 3) phagocytosis 4) interferon 5) complements |
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inflammatory response |
redness swelling warmth pain |
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fever |
initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to increase body temp |
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endogenous/exogenous pyrogens |
products of infectious agents liberated by monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils during phagocytosis (IL-1 and TNF) |
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benefits of fever |
inhibits multiplication of heat sensitive microbes impedes microbe nutrition by reducing available iron increases metabolism and stimulates immune reaction |
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general activities of phagocytosis |
1) survey compartments, discover microbes, dead cells etc 2) ingest, eliminate these materials 3) extract immunogenic information from foreign materials |
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phagocytes |
neutrophils - early reaction to damaged tissue, foreign matter etc; general purpose eosinophils - attracted to parasitic infection sites macrophages - scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for B/T lymphocytes |
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toll like receptors |
recognize foreign materials and signal to macrophage to stimulate immune response |
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mechanisms of phagocytic recognition, engulfment, and killing |
chemotaxis and ingestion: phagocytes migrate and recognize PAMPs (phagosome) |
