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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathology |
Study of disease |
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Etiology |
Cause of a disease |
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Pathogenesis |
Development of a disease |
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Infection |
Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogen |
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Disease |
An abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal function |
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Transient microbiota |
May be present for days weeks or months |
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Normal microbiota |
Permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions Protect the host by -competing for -producing substance is harmful for invading microbes -affecting pH and available oxygen |
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Human microbiome project |
Analyze relationship between microbial communities on the body and human health |
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Microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion) |
Competition between microbes |
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Commensalism |
One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected |
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Mutualism |
Both organisms benefit |
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Parasitism |
One organism benefits at the expense of the other |
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Koch's postulates |
1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease 2. the pathogen must be isolated from the disease host and grown in pure culture 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it's inoculated into a healthy susceptible laboratory animal 4. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism |
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Symptoms |
Changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease |
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Signs |
Changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease |
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Syndrome |
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease |
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Communicable disease |
A disease that is spread from one host to another |
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Contagious disease |
Diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another |
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Non-communicable disease |
Disease that is not spread from one host to another |
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Incidence |
The number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period |
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Prevalence |
Number of people who develop a disease that a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared Takes into account both old and new cases |
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Sporadic disease |
Disease that occurs only occasionally |
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Endemic disease |
Disease constantly present in a population |
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Epidemic disease |
Disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time |
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Pandemic disease |
Worldwide epidemic |
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Acute disease |
Symptoms develop rapidly but the disease last only a short time |
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Chronic disease |
Symptoms develop slowly |
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Subacute disease |
Intermediate between acute and chronic |
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Latent disease |
Causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms |
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Herd immunity |
Immunity and most of the population |
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Local infection |
Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body |
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Systemic infection |
An infection throughout the body |
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Focal infection |
Systemic infection that began as a local infection |
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Sepsis |
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes especially bacteria or their toxins, for my focus of infection |
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Bacteremia |
Bacteria in the blood |
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Septicemia |
Also known as blood poisoning growth of bacteria in the blood |
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Toxemia |
Toxins in the blood |
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Viremia |
Viruses in the blood |
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Primary infection |
Acute infection that causes initial illness |
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Secondary infection |
Opportunistic infection after a primary infection |
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Subclinical disease |
No noticeable signs or symptoms |
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Predisposing factors |
Make the body more susceptible to disease -gender -inherited traits -fatigue -age -lifestyle |
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Incubation period |
Interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms |
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Prodromal period |
Short period after incubation, early mild symptoms |
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Period of illness |
Disease is most severe |
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Period of decline |
Signs and symptoms of subside |
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Period of convalescence |
Body returns to its prediseased state |
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Zoonoses |
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans |
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Continual sources of infection |
Humans, animals, non-living reservoirs like Soil and Water |
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Direct contact transmission |
Requires close association between the infected and susceptible host |
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Indirect contact transmission |
Spreads to a host by non-living object called a fomite |
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Droplet transmission |
Transmission via Airborne droplets less than 1 meter |
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Vehicle transmission |
Transmission by inactive Reservoir -waterborne -foodborne -airborne |
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Infection from vectors |
Mechanical transmission: arthropod cares pathogen on its feet Biological transmission: pathogen reproduces in the vector, transmitted via bites or feces |
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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) |
Acquired while receiving treatment in a healthcare facility (nosocomial infections) Effect 1 in 25 hospital patients -2 million per year infected |
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Compromised host |
An individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or Burns |
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Jon Snow |
1848 - 1849 map of the occurrence of Cholera in London |
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Ignaz Semmeleweis |
1846-1848 show that hand wash and decrease the incidence of peurperal sepsis |
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Florence Nightingale |
1858 show the improved sanitation decrease the incidence of epidemic typhus |
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Descriptive epidemiology |
Collection and Analysis of data |
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Analytical epidemiology |
Analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause |
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Experimental epidemiology |
Hypothesis and controlled experiments |
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The Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) |
Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States Publishers morbidity and mortality weekly report Morbidity: incidence of a specific notifiable disease Morality: deaths from notifiable disease |
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Notifiable infectious disease |
Diseases in which Physicians are required to report occurrence |
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Morbidity rate |
Number of people affected in relation to the population in a given time. |
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Morality rate |
Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time |
