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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microorganisms
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Organisms to small to be seen with the naked eye
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Microbiology
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The study of organisms to small to be seen with the naked eye
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
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1600-1700, dutch fabric merchant
began looking through simple microscopes that he made himself Biggest contributions - First to view Microbes - Recorded his observations and reported to Royal Society of London |
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Carolus Linnaous
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1707-1778; swedish botanist
developed system of taxonomy |
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Taxonomy
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standardized system to name and classify organisms:
Genus and specific epithet |
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5 Categories of microorganisms described by van Leeuwenhoek
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Prokaryotes; fungi; Protozoa; algae; Small animals
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3 Domains
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Bacteria
Archaea Eukarya |
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Domain Bacteria
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Cellular prokaryotes
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Domain Archaea
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Cellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments, or have wierd physiology
Cell walls lack peptidoglycan |
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Domain Eukarya
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Cellular eukaryotes- larger cells, plants, animals, fungi and protists
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Acellular microbes
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viruses, virons, prions
NOT part of the 3 domains-- > not alive |
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Beginnings of Microbiology 50 yrs in late 1800s:
Scientists driven by 4 main questions |
1. Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
2. What causes fermentation? 3. What causes diseases? 4. How do we prevent infection and disease? |
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Spontaneous Generation
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(abiogenesis) Living organisms arise form non-living matter
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Spontaneous generation first proposed by...
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Aristotle (384-333 bc)
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Francesco Redi
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(Italy) First to doubt spontaneous generation
Experiement with pieces of meat in beakers, one uncovered, one sealed with cork, one covered with cheese cloth. Flies grew on meat and on cheese cloth, but not on sealed meat vial. Conclusion: no spontaneous generation |
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John Turberville Needham
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used beef broth boiled in flasks and then waits.
Microbes Grow Conclusion: spontaneous generation exists |
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
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(1799) used beef broth, boiled in flasks then sealled the glass closed.
No Growth Conclusion: Spontaneous generation does NOT exist |
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Hypothoses why Needhams experiments didn't work
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1. Needham didn't boil enough to kill microbes
2. Needham didn't seal the tubes --> maybe microbes got in. 3. Microbes exist everywhere and can contaminate stuff |
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Spallanzani critics' arguments
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1. Spallanzani removed oxygen - no oxygen=no life
2. Boiled to long --> kills life force. |
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Louis Pasteur - Spontaneous generation
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(1822-1895) France
Shorter boiling time Created "swan neck" flasks (50) Left for months--> no microbes grew (dust settled in the swan neck then turned flask to allow dust to enter broth -> Microbes grew |
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Biogenisis
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All living things come from other living things
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Scientific method
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1. Observations
2. Question 3. Hypothosis 4. Experiment 5. Observation -> experimental data supports/does not support hypothesis 6. Accept hypothosis/ Reject and/or Modify hypothosis |
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Fermentation
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Conversion of sugar to alcohol (or other waste product)
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Pasteurization
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heat just enough to kill most of bacteria
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Etiology
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Study of the cause of disease
Koch credited with dicipline Historic prevailing theory's--> Bad air, evil spirits, sin Germ theory--> microorganisms cause disease |
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Germ Theory of Disease
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proposed by Pasteur
- a particular disease has specific symptoms and is caused by a specific organism (a pathogen) |
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Pathogen
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Organisma/Microbe that causes disease; can penetrate body defenses
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Causative Agent
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Bacteria that causes disease
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Robert Koch
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(1843-1910; Germany)
Studied numerous diseases First to discover a pathogen - Identified the bacteria that causes Anthrax (Bacillus antrhacis) Recieved knobel prize for developing rules for identifying pathogens - The Koch's Postulates Developed simple staining techniques First photomicrograph of bacteria First photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue Developed technique for estimating CFU/ml Discoved use of steam to sterilize media |
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Koch's Postulates
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1. the suspected causative agent must be found in every case of disease and be absent from healthy hosts
2. the agent must be isolated adn grown outside the host 3. If the agent is introduced into a healthy host, that individual must get teh diseease 4. the same agent must be isolated from the diseased experimental host. |
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Disease
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Specific collection of symptoms that interferes with normal body functioning
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Petri Plates
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Robert Koch: one cell = one colonie
Richard Pitri: the dish Fanny Hess: use agar as solidifying agent |
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Gram Stain
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Developed by Hans Christian Gram (Denmark 1853-1938)
-a staining technique to seperately identify two large groups of bacteria morphologically Gram+ stains purple / Gram- stains pink Most widely used staining method still today |
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Morphology
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the study of the appearance of an organism
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Opportunistic pathogens
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microbes that do not normally cause disease unless allowed to penetrate defences.
(i.e. cut on skin, lower immunity, absence of helpful bacteria) |
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Nosocomial infection
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infections developed in the hospital
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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OB physician in 1848
Instituted hand washing by his medical students when delivering women on his ward were dieing 20% more often than in other birth settings. was visciously critisized and died in shame. Later - Credited with first implementation of "infection control". |
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Florence Nightingale
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(England) Nursing
Advocated sanitary conditions in the field hospital (and hospitals in general) established the first Nusring School |
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Joseph Lister
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Founder of antiseptic surgery opening new fields of research into antisepsis and disinfection. Vindicated Semmelweis.
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John Snow
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(1813-1854)
Studies an outbreak of cholora, linked the illness to a city water pump When pump was shut down--> epidemic stopped Highlighted importance of keeping a clean water supply and sewage management His study was the foundation for infection control and Epidemiology |
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Edward Jenner
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Observed that milkmaids didn't get small pox
wondered if infection wtih cowpox could prevent an infection of small pox experimented on neighborhood boy expanded to 27 more people created a vaccine named after the cowpox virus Vaccinia |
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Paul Ehrlich
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Looked for "magic bullet"
Researched chemicals to fight pathogens - Chemotherapy for diseases like African Sleeping Sickness and Syphilis |
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Molecular Biology
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Combines aspects of biochemistry, cellular biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level
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Recombinant DNA Technology
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Study of alteration of microbial genes to synthesize useful products
Using microbes to express genes |
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Gene Therapy
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using viruses to insert genes into humans
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Environmental Microbiology
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Study the relationship between microbes among microbes, other organisms, and their environment.
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Microbial Genetics
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Study of functions of DNA and RNA
Genes-->Proteins |
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Bioremediation
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Using microbes to clean the environment
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Serology
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Study of chemicals in the liquid portion of blood
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Alexander Flemming
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Discovered penicillin in 1920s
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Biochemestry
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Branch of chemistry which studies the chemical reaction of living things
(aka Study of metabolism) |
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Infection Control
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Branch of microbiology studying the prevention and control of infectious disease.
(Semmelweiss & Snow) |
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Immunology
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Study of the body's specific defenses against pathogens
(Eddward Jenner) |
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Aseptic
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Without infection or contamination.
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