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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Staphylococcal skin diseases:
S. aureus |
gram + coccus
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Staphylococcal skin diseases: pimple
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pus-filled lesions
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Staphylococcal skin diseases: abscess
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deeper pimple
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Staphylococcal skin diseases: faruncle
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exteroir skin abscess
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Staphylococcal skin diseases: carbuncles
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Massive lesions
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Staphylococcal skin diseases: scalded skin syndrome
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or Ritter’s disease
Exfoliatins (exotoxin) - producing S. aureus Usually in seen infants; red, tender skin which may peel off |
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Staphylococcal skin diseases: impetigo
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Can also be caused by S. pyogenes
Causes thin crusty blisters that ooze yellowish-green pus - pyoderma |
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S. pyogenes
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Gram+, encapsulated, non-motile, cocci
S. pyogenes is a major player but the strep family is large and diverse |
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Streptococcal Skin Disease
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24-48 hour incubation; severe inflammation, swollen lymph nodes
Lysogenic strains produce enzymes (hyaluronidase) and potent toxins (SPEA, B, C) Damage to tissue, skin blood vessels, tissue necrosis, toxic shock syndrome Necrotizing fasciitis or erythrogenic toxin in Scarlet fever Treatment with penicillin |
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Erysipelas
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Acute, deep infection in the dermis
Bright red, rubbery lesion that spreads from site of entry – St. Anthony’s fire 5% can spread through lymphatics and lead to fatal septecemia, endocarditis, pneumonia |
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Nonspecific Skin Diseases: acne
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Propionibacterium acnes
Secondary infection after (cystic acne) blocked sebaceous glands become inflamed and rupture Can lead to serious inflammation, tissue distruction and scarring |
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nonspecific skin diseases: burn wounds
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Pseudomonas areuginosa – growth of bacteria under a burn eschar
P. aeruginosa can produces many tissue damaging toxins and enzymes |
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Rubella (German measles)
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Transmission through respiratory droplets or contact
Mild symptoms of variable fever and pale-pink macular rash (exanthema) Disease is very short lived but recurrence is more common than other diseases MMR vaccine |
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Congenital rubella syndrome
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leaves fetus deformed or stillborn
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Measles (rubeola)
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Enveloped with H spikes, helical RNA virus
*Transmitted by respiratory secretions (aerosols); high communicable *Virus replicates in the cell lining of the throat and lungs *Symptoms begin after 9-10 days with high fever, cough, runny nose, Koplik’s spots and conjunctivits. Pink-red pimple-like rash appears days later at the hairline proceeding to face then working down body *Complications occur in 20% of infected;upper respiratory and ear infections, pneumonia, diarrhea, and death subacute sclerosing panencephalitis – 6-8 yrs after measles *Life long immunity offered but due to complications MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine mandatory *Kills 1 million children worldwide annually |
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Chickenpox and Shingles
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Varicella-zoster virus (VZV or HS3)
*Transmitted by skin contact or respiratory droplets; very contagious; highly communicable 2 week incubation period; fever, malaise *Skin rash of vesicles and pustules which scab over, usually on the face, scalp, or trunk; scarring common *Complications- secondary bacterial infection, damage to blood and lymphatic vessels, possible organ damage, pneumonia; usually occurs in non-vaccinated children under 10 yrs old, adults over 55 *Vaccination recommended at 12 months old, over 55 *Shingles (Zooster) - same virus that cause chickenpox activates from sensory nerves and manifests at a painful rash usually on the trunk; occurs most often in individuals over 45 |
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Smallpox (Variola)
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*Enveloped brick shaped DNA virus, Poxviridae
*One of the largest viruses *Entry throught throat; transmission by direct prolonged contact; very contagious *High fever and body weakness is followed by a macules - papules rash. Deep, pus-filled vesicles form pustules 30% mortality rate. Survivors left with pitted scars called pocks. *Immunizations have eliminated the disease worldwide *Could be used as a bioterroristic weapon because no one has immunity (no immunization as of 1972) |
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Molluscum contagiosum
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Enveloped DNA poxvirus
*Transmitted by direct contact with infected individual or an object *Confined to the skin or mucous membrane *Symptoms are the appearance of a flesh toned, sometime pink or white benign papule *Self-limiting, will resolve on its own (except in immuno-compromise people) – treatments are available |
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Papillomaviruses
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dsDNA virus, icosahedral
70 different types infect humans 30 types (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) are sexually-transmitted HPV 1 and 4 cause plantar warts HPV 2, 3, 10 cause warts on knees and fingers Transmitted by direct or indirect contact; Incubation period of 1-6 months Small, benign growths on skin Genital warts or dysplasia on cervix may be removed with procedures such as lasers or cryotherapy HPVs may become latent and reactivate if the host becomes immnocompromised/weakened Recovery without treatment may occur after several months; vaccine available for cancer-causing STD HPVs (70% of all cervical cancers) |
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Warts manifest as
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Filiform with finger-like projections
Flat topped Flat that grows inward (plantars wart) Cauliflower-like (genital warts) Flat area of dysplasia on cervix |
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Dermatophytosis
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Tinea infections - infections of body surfaces; skin, hair, nails
Jock itch, ring worm, athletes foot Transmitted by direct contact, contaminated fomites, pets, damp areas Symptoms - blister-like lesions, sometimes with fluid discharge, scaly rings, itchy, loss of hair Treatment with drying agents, topical and oral anti-fungal agents Most species fluoresce under UV light, can be used for identification |
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Blastomycosis
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Blastomyces dermatitidis - dimorphic yeast
Contaminant of soils associated with bird droppings; inhalation of spores; skin abrasions common around farm lands, endemic to south-eastern and mid-west states 50% of infected are asymptomatic Symptoms are puralent lesions on face, hands, legs (dermatitis), disfiguring granulomatous, abscesses; flu-like with productive cough, chest pains (systemic) 1-2 cases/100,000 people Antifungal drugs for serious pulmonary diseases |
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Candidiasis: yeast infection
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Candida albicans - yeast
Normal, limited inhabitant of skin; opportunistic Disease manifest when skin is broken, yeast are allowed to overgrow or if person is immuno-deficient (or newborn) Oral candidiasis (thrush) or vulvo-vaginitis Symptoms are reddening of site, sometimes burning and itching, swollen tissues, white discharge (or flecks) Can be transmitted sexually and infection can occur in both sexes Antifungal medications are effective |
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Other fungal mycoses:
Aspergillosis |
unique opportunistic mold species can grow as a mycelium within the body;
May cause blockages requiring surgical removal Some species produce toxins called mycotoxins |
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Other fungal mycoses:
Sporotrichosis |
subcutaneous infections transmitted from handling contaminated plant products; usually results in skin lesions but can rarely cause bloodstream blockage
Fungus will spread through lymph nodes and vessels |
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Madura foot (tree man)
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pyogenic, granulomatous foot infection caused by variety of fungus (Madura) or fungal-like bacteria (Actinomyces, Streptomyces, Nocardia);
Requires prolonged antibiotics or amputation |
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Schistomiasis - Swimmer’s itch
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Schistosoma haematobium,
S. japonicum and S. mansoni - flukes Transmitted when person is exposed to waters contaminated with the larval form Worm larvae can penetrate the skin barrier Causes dermatitis - itchy rash due to parasites in burrowing in skin Treatment with medication for 1-2 days |
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Ophthalmia Neonatorum
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Chlamydia trachomatis - Types D-K, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neonatal keratitis Incubation period of 5-12 days after birth Profuse, sticky pus and inflammation collects in conjunctival sacs; scarring often occurs of cornea; may lead to blindness Routine prophylactic antibiotic cocktail given |
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Bacterial conjunctivitis
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H. influenzae biogroup aeygptius, S. aureus, Strep. pneumoniae
Gram- bacilli; Brazil, now emerging throughout the world Transmission by secretion contact; insects Infection of outer layer of the eye; tearing, swelling, thick stringy discharge often causing eyes to stick together Weeks after conjunctivitis, patients may develop purpuric fever; hemmorrhaging, meningitis Antibiotic drops effective |
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Trachoma
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Chlamydia trachomatis - Types A-C
Transmission is person-to-person through ocular and respiratory secretions; also houseflies Prevalent in areas of poverty and poor sanitation; world-wide Chronic or reoccurring conjunctival infection of the eye; often leads to scarring of eye tissue and cornea Complications may lead to blindness Treatment with antibiotics 500,000 million cases/yr world-wide; 6 million blind; eradicated in the US |
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Viral Conjunctivitis
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Adenovirus (cold virus) or Enterovirus (intestinal virus)
Transmission by dust particles or direct contact Inflamed conjunctiva, swollen and painful eye lids, tearing, light sensitivity Bleeding under the conjunctiva occurs in acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis Corneal inflammation may occur |
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Onchoceriasis- River blindness
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Onchocerca volvulus - parasitic worm
Transmitted by biting flies as larvae (microfilariae) Near fast flowing streams; Africa and Latin America Infection indicated by subcutaneous nodules, eye lesions, skin rash Worm invasion causes intense inflammation, scarring, blindness Medicines can halt progression of disease but adult worms can not be killed |
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Gas gangrene or Clostridial myonecrosis
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Clostridium perfringens - Gram+, bacilli, anaerobic spore-former
Contaminate of wounds from spores in soil/fecal matter Severe injury results in tissue death - C. perfringens enters this tissue, causes further destruction and death of tissues Wound discolors, becomes intensely painful, emits a foul odor, crackling sounds underneath the skin may be heard as gas is produced (crepitant tissue) The metabolizing of the victim’s muscle carbohydrates and proteins by the organism results in the production of gas which can be seen by X-ray, CT scan, or MRI Enzyme production essential |
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ticks
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Usually will temporarily attach to a host to feed
Causes local inflammatory response Systemic response can occur if tick is not removed and allowed to remain attached for days; progressive paralysis can lead to cardiac failure and death |
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Pediculosis, Scabies, Chiggers
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Lice, mites
Infests head or body causing crusty lesions Burrowing under the skin causes pain and rash Inflammation likely; secondary infections common Allergenic reaction to insect saliva, feces |
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Myiasis
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Some species lay their eggs just under the skin or mucous membranes where the maggots will develop and mature
Tropical and subtropical regions Feeding of larvae and activity may cause intense pain and lesion formation Treat infection by removal of larvae and prevention of secondary infection |
