Micro Ch. 2

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

all tangible material that occupy space and have mass, living and nonliving

Front 2

Atom

Back 2

a tiny particle that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties; aka element)

Front 3

Element

Back 3

when you give a name to an atom it turns into an

Front 4

Protons

Back 4

postively charged particles that re found in the nucleus of atom

Front 5

Nucleus

Back 5

center core for an atom

Front 6

Neutrons

Back 6

no charge, found in the nucleus

Front 7

Electrons

Back 7

negatively charged, located around the nucleus

Front 8

Orbitals or Shells

Back 8

rings or electrons that circle the atom's nucleus

Front 9

Valence

Back 9

last orbital/shell

Front 10

Element

Back 10

an atom with a characteristic atomic structure and predictable chemical behavior

Front 11

Major Elements of Life

Back 11

calcium, carbon, copper, hydrogen, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

Front 12

Calcium

Back 12

Ca

Front 13

Carbon

Back 13

C

Front 14

Copper

Back 14

Cu

Front 15

Hydrogen

Back 15

H

Front 16

Iodine

Back 16

I

Front 17

Magnesium

Back 17

Mg

Front 18

Manganese

Back 18

Mn

Front 19

Nitrogen

Back 19

N

Front 20

Oxygen

Back 20

O

Front 21

Phosphorus

Back 21

P

Front 22

Potassium

Back 22

K

Front 23

Sodium

Back 23

Na

Front 24

Sulfur

Back 24

S

Front 25

Positive

Back 25

if an element gives away electrons it becomes more

Front 26

Negative

Back 26

if an element gains electrons it becomes more

Front 27

1-3

Back 27

this number of electrons and the element will donate

Front 28

4-6

Back 28

this number of electrons and the element will share electrons

Front 29

Ion

Back 29

anytime an element receives of donates an electron it becomes thsi

Front 30

Isotopes

Back 30

element with different number of neutrons, iso means "same"

Front 31

Radioactive

Back 31

unstable, produce radiation; ex. C13 & C14

Front 32

Molecule

Back 32

a distinct chemical substancethat reuslts from two or more atoms; ex. O2, N2

Front 33

Compound

Back 33

molecule composed of two or more different elements; ex. H2O, C6H12O6

Front 34

Chemical Bond

Back 34

when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons

Front 35

2+ elements

Back 35

___________ combined are automatically considered compounds or molecules, all compounds are considered molecules, but not all molecules are considered compounds

Front 36

Valence

Back 36

determines the degree of reactivity and the type of bonds the element can make

Front 37

Ionic Bonds

Back 37

bond where element donates or receives electrons, can be positively or negatively charged

Front 38

Covalent Bonds

Back 38

bond where elements share electrons, there is not charge

Front 39

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 39

weak type of bond, often breks to pair with other elements, partially charged; someties positively or negatively

Front 40

Polar Molecule

Back 40

unevenly charged molecule, when molecule is formed between two molecules that have a different electronegativity, or abilty ro attract electrons

Front 41

Nonpolar Molecule

Back 41

evenly charged molecule, molecules formed with atoms that have similar electronegativity

Front 42

Ionization

Back 42

the formation of charged particles when molecule formed by ionic bonds dissolves in a solvent

Front 43

Cations

Back 43

positively charged ions

Front 44

Anions

Back 44

negatively charged ions

Front 45

Electrolytes

Back 45

substances that release ions when dissolved in water

Front 46

Hydrogen bonds

Back 46

formed due to attractive focres between nearby atoms or molecules, it is easily disrupted or temporary

Front 47

Chemical Shorthand

Back 47

molecular formula where atomic symbols and number of elements are in the subscript; ex. CO2, H2O, C6H12O6

Front 48

Reactants

Back 48

molecules entering or starting a chemical reaction

Front 49

Products

Back 49

substances left by a chemical reaction

Front 50

Catalysts

Back 50

substances speed up rate of reaction without being consume in the process

Front 51

Catalase

Back 51

enzyme produced by staphylococcus, produces water and oxygen gas in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

Front 52

Solution

Back 52

contains solute and solvent, cannot be seperated by filteration or settling

Front 53

Solute

Back 53

substance that is uniformly dispersed in a solvent, usually solid

Front 54

Solvent

Back 54

a dissolving medium, usually liquid

Front 55

Solvent

Back 55

the greatest and most common solvent in natural system, also polar

Front 56

Ionic solvents

Back 56

dissolve in water bc cations are attracted to the negative pole and anions are attracted to the posititve pole, this is bc opposite charges attract to each other; ions become hydrated

Front 57

Hydrophobic

Back 57

nonpolar molecules that repel water, fear water; ex. benzene or oil

Front 58

Amphipathic

Back 58

molecules such as phosolipids that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Front 59

Concetration

Back 59

expresses the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent, how much solute is dissolved in the solvent, can be calculated by weight, volume, or percentage

Front 60

Hydrophilic

Back 60

molecules that attact water to their surface, love water; ex. sugar and salt

Front 61

Acidic Solution

Back 61

when compenent dissolved in water releases excess of hydrogen ions (H+)

Front 62

Basic Solution

Back 62

when a component dissolved in water releases excess hydroxyl ions (OH-)

Front 63

Strong acids and bases

Back 63

breaks apart in water

Front 64

Weak acids and bases

Back 64

stays intact in water

Front 65

Potential of Hydrogens

Back 65

pH stands for

Front 66

pH Scale

Back 66

measures the acid and base concentrations of solutions, ranges from 0-14, logarithmic scale

Front 67

Logarithmic Scale

Back 67

each increment represents a tenfold change in the concentration of ions

Front 68

Sulfuric Acid

Back 68

number one on the pH scale

Front 69

Hydrochloric Acid

Back 69

number two on pH scale if taken directly from stomach

Front 70

Salty

Back 70

basic solutions are

Front 71

Sour

Back 71

acidic solutions are

Front 72

Inorganic Chemicals

Back 72

molecules that lack the basic framework of the elements of carbon and hydrogen; ex. NaCl, CaCO3

Front 73

Organic Chemicals

Back 73

molescules that contain basic framework of elements carbon and hydrogen; ex. CH4

Front 74

Carbon

Back 74

fundamental element of life

Front 75

Carbon

Back 75

ideal atomic building block to form the backbone of organic molecules

Front 76

4

Back 76

Carbon can share/bond with _____ different elements

Front 77

Linear

Back 77

structure of carbon

---------------------------

Front 78

Branched

Back 78

structure of carbon

----------------------------

l l l l l

l l

Front 79

Ringed

Back 79

structure of carbon

(circular, hexagonal, pentagonal)

Front 80

Functional Groups

Back 80

molecular groups or accessory molecules that bind to organic compounds, they help define the class of certain groups of organic compounds, reactions of an organic compound can be predicted by this

Front 81

Hydroxyl

Back 81

alcohols and carbohydrates

Front 82

Carboxyl

Back 82

fatty acids, proteins, organic acids

Front 83

Amino

Back 83

proteins, nucleic acids

Front 84

Phosphate

Back 84

DNA, RNA, ATP

Front 85

Biochemistry

Back 85

explores the compunds of life

Front 86

Four Main Families of Biochemicals

Back 86

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 87

Carbohydrates

Back 87

3 types: sugar, simple; starch, complex; fiber

Front 88

Lipids

Back 88

oils and fats

Front 89

Nucleic Acids

Back 89

DNA and RNA

Front 90

4+

Back 90

polysaccharides are _____ monosaccharides

Front 91

Macromolecules

Back 91

made from smaller molecular subunits or building blocks (monomers), often very large compounds

Front 92

Polymerization

Back 92

when monomers are bound into varying lengths

Front 93

Monomers

Back 93

repeating subunits

Front 94

Polymers

Back 94

4+ monosaccharides

Front 95

Functions of Marcomolecules

Back 95

structural componenets, molecular messengers, energy sources (ATP), enzymes (proteins and RNA), nutrient stores, sources of genetic information (DNA and RNA)

Front 96

Saccharide

Back 96

one unit of sugar

Front 97

Monosaccharide

Back 97

a simple sugar containing from 3-7 carbons

Front 98

Glucose

Back 98

C6H12O6, 1:2:1 ration, most common monosaccharide

Front 99

Disaccharide

Back 99

combination of two monosaccharides; ex. sucrose

Front 100

Polysaccharide

Back 100

polymer of 4 or more monosaccharides; ex. cellulose

Front 101

Isomer

Back 101

same chemical formula, but a different arrangement

Front 102

Isotope

Back 102

same element, but differnet number of neutrons

Front 103

Cellulose

Back 103

plant based fiber, repeating units of glucose monomers, gives trength to rigidity plants and microscopic algae

Front 104

Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa

Back 104

only microbes that can digest cellulose

Front 105

Agar

Back 105

solidifying agent made from red algae, attached ti seaweed, made of repeating units of galactose and carbohydrates that contain sulfur

Front 106

Peptidoglycan

Back 106

polysacchrides that are linked to peptide fragments, provide the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall, made of NAM+NAG (amino sugars), held together by peptides

Front 107

Peptides

Back 107

3-5 amino acids

Front 108

Lipopolysaccharide

Back 108

complex of lipid and polysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, resposible for symptoms of fever and shock

Front 109

Glycocalyx

Back 109

composed of polysaccharides, binds in various ways to proteins. functions in attachment to other cells or as a site for receptors, attaches to proteins in the cell membranes of bacteria, always unorganized and sticky, this allows cells to attach to other cells and surfaces

Front 110

Lipids

Back 110

only soluble in nonpolar solvents

Front 111

Nonpolar solvent

Back 111

alcohol

Front 112

Lipids

Back 112

made of long or complex hydrocarbon chains that are hydrophobic

Front 113

Hydrocarbon

Back 113

one carbon with two hydrogens attached

Front 114

Triglycerides

Back 114

composed of a single molecule of glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids, storage lipids that include fats and oil

Front 115

Glycerol

Back 115

sugar attached to alchohol

Front 116

Fatty Acids

Back 116

long chains of hydrocarbons with a carbonxyl group at the end

Front 117

Saturated Fatty Acid

Back 117

solid at room temperature

Front 118

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Back 118

liquid at room temperature

Front 119

Saturated Fatty Acid

Back 119

all carbons in the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens

Front 120

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Back 120

fatty acid in which at least one double bond exists beween carbon atoms

Front 121

Phosolipids

Back 121

contain only two fatty acids attached to glycerol, head and tail, allows molecule to form bilayers and membranes

Front 122

Hydrophilic

Back 122

head of phosolipid is...

Front 123

Hydrophobic

Back 123

tail of phosolipid is

Front 124

Double Bond

Back 124

kink in the tail of phosolipid is a

Front 125

Aqueous Solution

Back 125

form a membrane, water attracted head and water repelling tails

Front 126

Cholesterol

Back 126

helps stabilize the shape of the cell membrane

Front 127

Eukaryotes

Back 127

cholesterol is only found in

Front 128

Sternol

Back 128

only found in prokaryotes

Front 129

Gateway

Back 129

proteins that are embedded in membrane are responsible for ________ between layers

Front 130

Cholesterol

Back 130

reinforces cell membranes in animal cells and cell-wall deficient bacteria

Front 131

Ergosterol

Back 131

found in the cell membrane of fungi

Front 132

Steroids

Back 132

2-5 ringed compounds combined

Front 133

Wax

Back 133

ester formed between a long chained alcohol and a fatty acid

Front 134

Wax

Back 134

is a lipid

Front 135

Proteins

Back 135

most predominant molecule in cells that determine structure, behavior, and unique qualities or organisms

Front 136

Amino Acids

Back 136

building blocks of proteins, have 20 naturally occuring forms, linked with peptide bonds

Front 137

200+

Back 137

proteins are made of ______ amino acids

Front 138

Basic Structure of Amino Acids

Back 138

alpha carbon, center carbon; amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom

Front 139

R Group

Back 139

imparts unique characteristics and function to amino acid

Front 140

ON PAPER

Back 140

DRAW BASIC STRUCTURE OF AMINO ACID

Front 141

Polypeptide

Back 141

20+ amino acids, not all polypeptides are large enough to be considered proteins

Front 142

Peptide

Back 142

molecule composed of short chains of amino acids

Front 143

Primary Structure of Protein

Back 143

the type, number, and order of amino acids, strand of 200+ amino acids

Front 144

Secondary Structure of Proteins

Back 144

arises when functional groups on the outer surface of the molecule interacts with each other, forms either alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Front 145

Tertiary Structure of Protein

Back 145

torsion caused by interaction between functional groups, covalent sulfide bonds, when amino acids curve/bend toward each other

Front 146

Quaternary Structure of Protein

Back 146

large multiunit proteins formed by more than one polyprotein, made of 4 globular structures, has to be at least FOUR globs

Front 147

Globular Structures

Back 147

round proteins

Front 148

Enzymes

Back 148

catalysts for chemical reactions in cells, comes from the unique patterns in enzyme binding sites

Front 149

Antibodies

Back 149

complex glycoproteins with specific attachment regions for microbes

Front 150

Denature

Back 150

disruption of native state of a protein through heat, chemicals, acid, or other means, making the protein non-functional

Front 151

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Back 151

contains a special coded genetic program with detailed instructions for each organism's heredity, contains one oxygen, special instructions on what makes an organism an organism

Front 152

Ribonucleic Acid

Back 152

helper molecules responisble for translating and acrrying out the instructions of DNA, contains two oxygen, translates information of DNA

Front 153

Nucleotide

Back 153

DNA and RNA are composed of _______ subunits

Front 154

Primary Structure of Nucleic Acid

Back 154

nitrogen base, pentose (5-carbon) sugar, phosphate

Front 155

Phosphate Group

Back 155

background of RNA and DNA

Front 156

Nitrogen Bases

Back 156

determine difference between DNA and RNA

Front 157

ACTG

Back 157

nitrogen bases of DNA

Front 158

ACUG

Back 158

nitrogen bases of RNA

Front 159

Purines

Back 159

nitrogen bases composed of TWO rings

Front 160

Pyrimidines

Back 160

nitrogen baes composed of ONE ring

Front 161

Adenine and Guanine

Back 161

two purines are

Front 162

Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil

Back 162

three pyrimidines are

Front 163

DNA

Back 163

double stranded

Front 164

RNA

Back 164

usually single stranded, except in viruses

Front 165

Mutation

Back 165

when the genes of DNA are changed

Front 166

RNA

Back 166

long, single strands of nucleotides

Front 167

Viruses

Back 167

has double stranded RNA

Front 168

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Back 168

3 Major Types of RNA

Front 169

mRNA

Back 169

copy of a gene

Front 170

tRNA

Back 170

carrier that transports the correct amino acids to the ribosome

Front 171

rRNA

Back 171

major component of ribosome

Front 172

Adenosine Triphosphate

Back 172

ATP

Front 173

Adenine, Ribose, 3 Phosphate Molecules

Back 173

3 ingredients of ATP

Front 174

Release of Energy

Back 174

what happens when bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphates of ATP are broken

Front 175

Cell

Back 175

fundamental unit of life

Front 176

Cells

Back 176

made of CHON and other atoms

Front 177

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Back 177

3 basic categories of cells

Front 178

Bacteria

Back 178

no nucleus, cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Front 179

Archaea

Back 179

cell wall made of pseudopeptidoglycan

Front 180

Pseudopeptidoglycan

Back 180

made of wax, steroids, and lipids

Front 181

Peptidoglycan

Back 181

made of amino sugars

Front 182

Eukarya

Back 182

nucleus and organelles, animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and helminths

Front 183

Protista

Back 183

eukaryotes that live in water

Front 184

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 184

plants, animals, and fungi are composed of

Front 185

Bacteria and Archaea

Back 185

dont have a nucleus or organelles, and cannot sex/mate, they conjugate by passing on baceria nad DNA from one to another, new life is not created

Front 186

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 186

contain a nucleus and organelles that perform functions for growth, nutrition, or metabolism

Front 187

Viruses

Back 187

neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and have no cells