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32 Cards in this Set
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Like all forms of life on Earth, all microbial cells perform three major types of activities: __________. A.growth, genetic exchange, and evolution B.growth, differentiation, and metabolism C.metabolism, growth, and evolution D.metabolism, growth, and genetic exchange |
C.metabolism, growth, and evolution |
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Explain how organisms are placed into the three major cell lineages or domains. analysis of ribosomal RNA analysis of DNA metabolic characteristics physical characteristics |
analysis of ribosomal RNA |
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What was the LUCA? the last eukaryote before eukaryotes diversified the first cellular organism to evolve the type of prokaryote that evolved into a eukaryote the last organism prior to the divergence of bacteria and archaea |
the last organism prior to the divergence of bacteria and archaea |
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The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from plants. microorganisms. animals. plants and animals together. |
microorganisms. |
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Most prokaryotic cells reside in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces. on Earth's surface. in lakes, rivers, and oceans. in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and other animals). |
in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces. |
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Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition, particularly those of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. sulfur. carbon. nitrogen. carbon and nitrogen |
carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. |
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Scientists believe life may have begun as an RNA world because __________. RNA can bind small molecules RNA is essential to processes found in all cells RNA can have catalytic activity All of the listed responses are correct. |
All of the listed responses are correct. |
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The major source of carbon was _________ for early cells and the major fuel for energy was __________ for early cells. N2 ; H2 CO2 ; H2 O2 ; CO2 CO2 ; N2 |
O2 ; CO2 |
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If there were photosynthetic organisms present when the earth was primarily anoxic, why was the development of cyanobacteria critical for the oxidation of the atmosphere? The early forms of photosynthesis were carried out in the water and there was no way for the oxygen to move into the atmosphere. The early forms of photosynthesis did not produce oxygen as a waste product. Cyanobacteria carry out anoxic photosynthesis. The early forms of photosynthesis did produce oxygen, but it was not enough to make a difference in the atmosphere. |
The early forms of photosynthesis did not produce oxygen as a waste product. |
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Arrange the types of microorganism in the order they evolved on Earth. anaerobes, anoxygenic phototrophs, oxygenic phototrophs, aerobes, multicellular organisms anaerobes, anoxygenic phototrophs, aerobes, oxygenic phototrophs, multicellular organisms anaerobes, multicellular organisms, aerobes aerobes, oxygenic phototrophs, anoxygenic phototrophs, anaerobes, multicellular organisms |
anaerobes, anoxygenic phototrophs, oxygenic phototrophs, aerobes, multicellular organisms |
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Which types of organisms are the most important for the maintenance of life on Earth? Answer:microorganisms |
Answer:microorganisms |
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A colony on a Petri plate arises from a single cell. How many cells does a typical bacterial colony contain? Answer:107 |
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What kinds of cells do NOT have a cell wall? Answer:animal cells |
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When considering the properties of all cellular life, what two ways can be used to define cells? Answer:biochemical catalysts and genetic coding systems Incorrect. You should take into consideration processes that enable cells to utilize nutrients from the environment. |
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Which of the following characteristics was found in the earliest cellular organisms? Answer:anaerobic metabolism |
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Consider the following two statements: I) Ecosystems are influenced by microbial activities. II) Microbial ecosystems remain constant over time. Answer:Only statement I is correct. |
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Control of infectious diseases currently is the result of all of the following EXCEPT __________. Answer:eradication of hundreds of pathogens |
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Who was the scientist that discovered endospores? Answer:Cohn |
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What type of glassware was used to settle the controversy surrounding spontaneous generation? Answer:swan-necked flask |
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Louis Pasteur developed vaccines for all of the following diseases EXCEPT __________. Answer:smallpox |
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Koch's postulates cannot always be used to satisfy __________. Answer:lethal infectious diseases that only occur in humans |
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Who showed that viruses were filterable agents that were smaller than bacteria? Answer:Beijerinck |
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What is chemolithotrophy? Answer:the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation within a cell |
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The microbiologists who discovered bacteria living deep in the -13°C brine of Lake Vida in Antarctica think that the bacteria are metabolizing carbon compounds that have been sealed in the ice with them for millennia, since there do not appear to be any other energy sources, like light, available. This idea concerning the source of energy for these bacteria is __________. Answer:a hypothesis |
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Like all forms of life on Earth, all microbial cells perform three major types of activities: __________. Answer:metabolism, growth, and evolution |
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The plaque (microbial biofilm) that forms between your teeth is a highly anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment, even though the mouth is one of the most aerobic habitats in the body and most of the bacteria living there can use oxygen if it is available. Why is there no oxygen in the plaque between your teeth? Answer:The bacteria living between the teeth have used up the oxygen. |
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Bacteria can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on humans and other macroorganisms. Which of the following would be a negative association? Answer:Salmonella bacteria in the human gut |
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Microbes evolve specific traits that increase their fitness in specific environments. Martinus Beijerinck developed the enrichment culture technique to isolate microbes from complex natural samples, like soil and water, by manipulating the __________. Answer:culture conditions and nutrients |
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Some bacteria can carry out interesting and important metabolisms not found in any macroorganism. Many of these reactions are crucial to life on Earth because __________. Answer:they recycle elements needed by living organisms |
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The step in Koch’s postulates that most critically enabled him to determine that a particular microbe was the cause, and not an effect, of a particular disease was __________. Answer:cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause the disease in a healthy susceptible animal |
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Pasteur’s experiments refuting the theory of spontaneous generation were crucial to the advancement of the field of microbiology because they led to the development of all EXCEPT which of the following? Answer:optical isomers |
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Although the existence of microorganisms was surmised long before, their discovery depended upon a technological development (the microscope) in order for scientists to __________. Answer:make direct observations of microbes |
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