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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Gram Positive |
-If blue dye stays after decolorizing -High peptidoglycan -Hard to kill due to thick cell walls -Antibiotics can kill |
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Acid Fast Positive |
-Organism only holds red dye -Many lipids present -Harder to kill |
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Acid Fast Negative |
-Organism holds blue dye after decolorizing -Few lipids -Easy to kill |
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Gram Negative |
-Organism only takes up red dye -Thin cell wall -Susceptible to acids -Easy to kill |
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Acid Fast Stain |
-Primary Stain (crystal violet) -Mordant (iodine) -Decolorizing Agent (alcohol) -Counterstain (red) |
4 steps |
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Types of Lipids |
-saturated (animal fat) -unsaturated (plant oil) -polyunsaturated (oils) -olive or coconut oil -transfat (hydrogenated) -manmade -phospholipids -waxes -steroid and sterol |
7 types |
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Types of Carbohydrates |
-Sugars and Starches Include: -monosaccharides: simple sugar -glucose and fructose -disaccharides: complex sugar -maltose and sucrose -polysaccharides: starches -glycogen, cellulose, and starch |
3 types, 1 example of each |
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Chemical Bonds |
-Covalent: atoms share electrons -strongest -Ionic: atoms transfer electrons -medium -Hydrogen: atoms dispel electrons -weakest |
3 kinds |
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Holophytic |
-Plants -Organic and inorganic substances for nutrition |
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Elements |
117 known elements Simplest substances |
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Protozoa |
Part of the animal kingdom |
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Gram Stain |
-Primary Stain (crystal violet) -Mordant (iodine) -Decolorizing Agent (alcohol) -Counterstain (red) |
4 steps |
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Methods of Innoculation |
-Pour plate -tube to dish -Spread plate -glass rod or rake on petri dish -Streak plate -innoculating loop on petri dish -best method |
3 methods |
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Fixation |
-Chemical -Thermal |
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Special Structures |
-Capsules -Flagella -Spores |
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Negative Stain |
-When organism wont take dye -Negrosin stains background black |
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Differential Stains |
-Gram Stain -Acid Fast -Use to find out how to kill organism |
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Benign Microbes |
-In/on our bodies -Part of Normal Flora |
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Pathogenic Microbes |
Cause disease |
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Culture Medium |
-Allows organisms to grow -Nutrient Broth (liquid; test tube) -Nutrient Agar (gel; petri dish) -Must be sterile |
2 kinds |
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Innoculum |
Organism being introduced |
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Holozoic |
-Animals and humans -Organic substance for nutrition -Digestion |
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Robert Hooke |
-Described cells -Called them "little boxes" |
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Joseph Lister |
Antiseptics with phenol |
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Alexander Fleming |
First antibiotic -penicillin |
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Koch's Postulates |
1. Organism must exist in every case 2. Isolate organism in pure culture 3. Isolated culture must be injected into new subject & reproduce 4.Organism must be recovered from subject |
4 requirements |
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Genus and species |
Genus: always first and capitalized species: always second and lowercase |
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Beneficial Microbes |
-yeast -yogurt -water filtration |
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ATP |
Adenosine Triphosphate -energy storage |
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First Order Elements |
Exist in all basic life forms -Oxygen -Carbon -Hydrogen -Nitrogen |
4 elements |
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Archea |
Prefer extreme environements |
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Eukaryotic |
-Complex, higher forms -Well defined nucleus -RNA and DNA -Organelles -Fungi, protozoa, plants and animals |
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Assimilation (Holophytic) |
Break down nutrition outside self and only consume what they need |
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic Acid -2 strands |
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RNA |
Ribonucleic Acid -1 strand -need RNA to make DNA |
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ADP |
Adenosine Diphosphate -energy release |
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Types of Bacteria |
-Chlamydia -Rickettsia -Mycoplasma |
3 types |
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Trace Elements |
-Iodine -Flourine -Iron -Zinc -Copper |
5 elements |
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Protons |
Found in nucleus Have a positive charge |
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Second Order Elements |
Make up structures -Calcium -Phosphorous -Potassium -Sulfur -Sodium -Chlorine -Magnesium |
7 elements, name at least 4 |
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Electrons |
Orbit the nucleus Have a negative charge |
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Neutrons |
Found in the nucleus Have a neutral charge |
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Filamentous (Bacterial Shapes) |
-Branching structures -Can be different shapes |
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Pleomorphic (Bacterial Shapes) |
-Change shape -Very thin membrane -Use osmosis |
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Paul Ehrlich |
"magic bullet" for syphillis |
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Proteins |
Group of amino acids Includes: -structural proteins -functional proteins -enzymes -hormones -antibodies -transport proteins -storage proteins |
2 types, 5 examples |
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Ignaz Semmelweiss |
Cured childbirth fever by coming up with the ideal to wash their hands before delivery |
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Edward Jenner |
Founded first vaccine against cowpox and small pox |
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek |
Described "animalcules" AKA microorganisms |
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Coccus |
round |
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Bacillus |
Rod-shaped |
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Spirochetes |
Bend (move like a snake) |
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Spirilla |
Corkscrew movement |
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Vibrio |
curved rod (comma shaped) |
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Acidophilic |
-Like more acid environments -Low pH |
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Alkophilic |
-Like alkaline environments -High pH |
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What type of light will kill bacteria? |
UV light |
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Antagonism |
One organism benefits and the other dies |
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Competitive Exclusion |
2 organisms competing for the same resources |
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Parasite |
Feed off a source |
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Saprophyte |
Dead/decaying matter |
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Aerobes VS Anaerobes |
Aerobes: like oxygen Anaerobes: like no/low oxygen |
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Obligate VS Facultative |
Obligate: must have it to live Facultative: prefers to have it but can live without it |
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Aerotolerant |
Can live with or without oxygen |
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Microaerophils |
Need very little oxygen |
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Capnophils |
Like very high carbon dioxide |
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Temperature |
-minimum -optimum (best) -maximum |
there are 3 |
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(Bacterial Configurations) Mono- Diplo- Strepto- |
Mono-: single Diplo-: two (paired) Strepto-: chain (10-200) |
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(Bacterial Configurations) Staphylo- Tetrad Sarcinae |
Apply to round bacteria only Staphylo-: cluster Tetrad: square of four Sarcinae: cube of eight |
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Robert Koch |
-Proved what causes anthrax -Discovered cause of tuberculosis -Koch's Postulates -evidence required to establish relationship between disease and microorganism |
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Molecules |
Chemically bonded atoms |
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Spiral Bacteria |
-Only exist in mono -Spirochetes -Spirilla -Vibrio |
3 kinds |
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Isotonic |
Environment has same concentration as cell; cell remains the same |
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Hypotonic |
-Environment has less concentration than cell -Dehydrated body |
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Hypertonic |
-Environment has more concentration than cell -Edemous body |
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Special Stain |
-Combine dyes (make thicker) -Add iodine (darken color) -Add heat |
3 steps |
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Simple Stain |
-Single dye -Makes organisms visible |
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Growth Curve |
-Lag Phase: Bacteria adapting to new environment -Log Phase: Reproduction; growth of culture -Stationary Phase: New cells forming, old cells dying -Death Phase: All cells dying |
4 phases and describe them |
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Binary Fission |
Each organism splits in 2 |
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Generation Time |
Time it takes for 1 cell to split into 2 |
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Nucleic Acids |
-Heredity -RNA and DNA -Energy -ATP and ADP |
2 types |
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Edema |
-Excessive water causes swelling -Hypertonic |
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Tonicity |
Omosis: movement of water -isotonic -hypotonic -hypertonic |
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Prokaryotic |
-Simple, lower form -No nucleus -Nucleoid w/ no membrane -DNA -Few organelles -Includes bacteria |
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Types of Microbes |
-Bacteria -Fungi -Protozoa -Viruses and Viroids -Prions |
5 types |
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Examples of Eukaryotic Organisms |
-Fungi -Protozoa -Plants -Animals |
4 types |
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Examples of Prokaryotic Organisms |
-Bacteria -Archea |
2 types |
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Mesophilic |
-Medium -Body Temperature -Most diseases are mesophilic |
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Hyperthermophilic |
-Very hot -Volcanoes |
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Thermophilic |
-Hot -Hot tubs -Hot springs |
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Chemotrophic |
Like chemicals |
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Phototrophic |
Like light |
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Heterotrophic |
-Bacteria -Organic source of food |
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Parasitism |
Helpful to the parasite, harmful to the host |
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Asymbiotic |
Harmful relationships -Parasitism -Antagonism |
2 kinds |
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Synergism |
-Both organisms benefit greatly and rely on each other, sometimes to the point where they will die if separated |
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Mutualism |
Both organisms benefit some |
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Commensalism |
One organism benefits while the other is unharmed |
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Symbiotic |
Helpful Relationships -Commensalism -Mutualism -Synergism |
3 kinds |
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Dehydration |
-Excessive salt causing water loss -Hypotonic |
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Autotrophic |
-Plants -Produce own food |
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Hydrostatic Pressure |
-Water -Barotolerant: live in medium depth water (lakes) -Barophilic: live in deep water (oceans) |
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Osmotic Pressure |
-Salt -Osmophilic: Extremely salty environments -Halophilic: Salty environments (Ocean) |
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Microbes |
-small, simple structures -microscopic |
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Paul Berg |
-Recombinate DNA (rebuild DNA) -Put bacteria DNA and human DNA together |
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Macromolecules |
-Proteins -Carbohydrates -Lipids -Nucleic Acids |
4 kinds |
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Psychrophilic |
-Very cold -Polar caps -Glaciers |
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Psychotrophic |
-Cold -Can grow in refrigerator |
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Louis Pasteur |
-Pasteurization -Disproved spontaneous generation -Anthrax vaccine -Rabies vaccine |
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