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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Sterilization |
Removal of all microbes Ex: heating or filtration Exception of prions |
Done by steam under pressure Sterilizing gas Ex. Ethylene gas |
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Commercial sterilization |
Heat enough to kill Clostridium botulinum (endospores) Not enough to degrade food quality Ex: thermophiles |
Will not germinate & grow under normal storage conditions Ex. Canned foods |
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Disinfection |
Destroy harmful microbes Destruction of vegetative pathogens in objects Ex: chemicals, UV rays, boiling water, steam Antiseptic - used on living tissue |
Physical or chemical methods Non- endosporing pathogens |
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Sanitation |
Lower microbe levels public health levels - high temp washing & dip into chemical disinfectant |
Public health levels Eating / drinking utensils |
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Microbial death |
Death at constant rate Factors of effectiveness : # microbes, environment, temp,bio films, time, characteristics |
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Mesophiles |
Lives in moderate temp loving Growth 25- 40 C Most common microbe type Spoilage & disease organisms |
Temperature |
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Psychophiles |
Cold-temp loving -10 - 20C |
Temperature |
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Thermophiles |
Heat-loving microbes 40- 72C |
Temperature |
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Streak plate |
Bacteria plated in quadrants Dilutes bacteria Used to isolate individual colonies |
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Spread Plate |
Addition of bacteria culture to pre-solidified media Bacteria grows on top of media Counting & isolation |
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Pour plate |
Addition of bacteria to warm media In agar Bacteria mixed w/ media On top & inside media Counting & isolation |
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Obligate aerobes |
Require oxygen to live Occurs only in high concentration of oxygen |
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Facultative anaerobes |
Uses oxygen but doesn't need it Both aerobic & anaerobic Better growth w/ oxygen
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E. Coli & yeasts |
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Obligate anaerobes |
Can not use oxygen for energy reactions Lacks enzymes to neutralize toxic oxygen |
Clostridium Tetanus Botulism |
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Aerotolerant anaerobes |
Can't use oxygen for growth Tolerates oxygen Growth occurs evenly Uses enzyme SOD for O2 |
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Microareophiles |
Require oxygen in small amounts Aerobic growth of low O2 concentration |
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Quorum sensing |
Coordinate activity into group communities that provide benefits |
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Biofilms |
Help microbes survive Community of microbes Slimy layer of surface Organize microbes into coordinates Help attach to surfaces |
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Inoculum |
Microbes that are introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth |
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Degerming |
Removal of microbes from limited areas Ex. Skin around injection site Mechanical removal Ex. Alcohol swab |
Before getting a shot |
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Antisepsis |
Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue Treatment: almost always chemically |
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Complex media |
Composition varies Nutrient broth Growth of most chemoheterotrophic organisms |
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Reducing media |
Ingredients combine with & deplete oxygen Growth of obligate anaerobes |
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Selective media |
Suppression of unwanted microbes Encourages growth of desired microbes |
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Differential media |
Distinguish colonies of desired organisms from others on plate |
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Enrichment |
Increase # of desired microbes to detachable levels Continually transferred to drag media Media specific for microbe |
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Chemically defined media |
Exact composition known Must contain energy & carbon source Growth of chemoautotrophs & photoautotrophs |
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Lag phase |
Cells are not dormant Little or no division Cells prepare for reproduction 1hr-days Synthesizes of enzymes & various molecules |
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Log phase |
Active cells Population doubled Constant minimum Period of growth |
Ex potential growth phase |
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Stationary phase |
Depletion of nutrients, ph change, waste build up Growth rate slows Microbial deaths = # of new cells Population stabilized |
Equilibrium |
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Death phase |
# of deaths exceed new cells Logarithmic decline |
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Turbidity |
More bacteria in culture= more cloudy Require large # of bacteria Monitored growth in liquid Percentage transmission |
Indirect method |
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Metabolic activity |
Measures amount of product (Acid, CO2,etc) More product=more bacteria present |
Indirect method |
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Dry weight |
Microbe removed from medium Filtered Dried & weighed Filamentous bacteria & fungi |
Indirect method |
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Moist heat |
Physical method that denatures proteins Ex. Boiling- kills bacteria pathogens, fungi, viruses 10min Ex. Autoclave- high temp steam under pressure; kills all microbes 15min |
Sterilizes lab & hospital equip. 100% |
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Pasteurization |
Denatured protein Heat that kills all pathogen & most non pathogens in milk, beer,etc- 15sec |
Physical methods |
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Dry Heat |
Kills by oxidation effects Flaming ex. Sterilizing inoculating loops Hot-air sterilization Ex. Oven for 2 hrs |
Physical methods |
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Refrigeration |
Bacteriostatic effect Decrease chemical reactions & changes in proteins Most pathogen don't grow |
Alter food, drug, culture preservation Physical method |
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High pressure |
Alters proteins & carbohydrates structures Preserves flavors, nutrients & colors Endospores resistant Inactivation of growing cells |
Physical method |
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Desiccation |
Absence of water Microbes can't grow or reproduce Remain viable or years Preserved through lyophilization |
Physical method |
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Osmotic pressure |
Similar to desiccation Water leaves microbial cell Salts & sugars create hypertonic environment Preservation of food |
Physical method |
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Radiation |
Ionizing & non ionizing Used in some processing food & medical supplies Can cause DNA damage Gamma rays, Uv rays , X rays |
Psychical method |
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Phenols |
Disturb lipids in membrane Irritating to skin Active on organic materials Stable Disinfecting for pus, saliva, & feces |
Chemical method Ex. Lysol |
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Bisphenols |
Derivatives of phenols Used for prescribed lotions Surgical/ hospital procedures Against newborn skin infections In antibacterial soap or toothpaste |
Chemical use Effective against gram + Gram - & yeasts |
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Bigunaides |
Mechanism: Affects cell membrane Effective against gram + enveloped viruses & some gram- |
Chemical method Ex. Chlorhexidine & alexidine Microbe skin control |
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Bigunaides |
Mechanism: Affects cell membrane Effective against gram + enveloped viruses & some gram- |
Chemical method Ex. Chlorhexidine & alexidine Microbe skin control |
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Halogens |
2 major forms: iodine & chlorine Iodine : impairs protein synthesis & membranes 1 of the oldest & effective antisepsis Antimicrobial agents |
Effective against bacteria, endospores , fungi & some viruses Chemical |
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Bigunaides |
Mechanism: Affects cell membrane Effective against gram + enveloped viruses & some gram- |
Chemical method Ex. Chlorhexidine & alexidine Microbe skin control |
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Halogens |
2 major forms: iodine & chlorine Iodine : impairs protein synthesis & membranes 1 of the oldest & effective antisepsis Antimicrobial agents |
Effective against bacteria, endospores , fungi & some viruses Chemical |
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Chlorine |
A halogen Widely used disinfectant Forms hypochlorous HOCL when added to water Inhibits enzymes ( utensils- Ca hypoclorite ) ( Clorox- Na hypoclorite) |
Chemical Drinking water, pools, sewage |
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Bigunaides |
Mechanism: Affects cell membrane Effective against gram + enveloped viruses & some gram- |
Chemical method Ex. Chlorhexidine & alexidine Microbe skin control |
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Halogens |
2 major forms: iodine & chlorine Iodine : impairs protein synthesis & membranes 1 of the oldest & effective antisepsis Antimicrobial agents |
Effective against bacteria, endospores , fungi & some viruses Chemical |
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Chlorine |
A halogen Widely used disinfectant Forms hypochlorous HOCL when added to water Inhibits enzymes ( utensils- Ca hypoclorite ) ( Clorox- Na hypoclorite) |
Chemical Drinking water, pools, sewage |
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Alcohols |
Effectively kills bacteria & fungi Not endospores Denatures proteins & disrupt membranes |
Ethanol-labs Isopropanol -rubbing Chemical |
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Bigunaides |
Mechanism: Affects cell membrane Effective against gram + enveloped viruses & some gram- |
Chemical method Ex. Chlorhexidine & alexidine Microbe skin control |
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Halogens |
2 major forms: iodine & chlorine Iodine : impairs protein synthesis & membranes 1 of the oldest & effective antisepsis Antimicrobial agents |
Effective against bacteria, endospores , fungi & some viruses Chemical |
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Chlorine |
A halogen Widely used disinfectant Forms hypochlorous HOCL when added to water Inhibits enzymes ( utensils- Ca hypoclorite ) ( Clorox- Na hypoclorite) |
Chemical Drinking water, pools, sewage |
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Alcohols |
Effectively kills bacteria & fungi Not endospores Denatures proteins & disrupt membranes |
Ethanol-labs Isopropanol -rubbing Chemical |
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Heavy metals |
Denature proteins Silver- 1%; antiseptic, Antimicrobial ,catheters ex. Topical cream Mercury- toxic & corrosive Ineffective to organic Controls mildew |
Copper- green algae, ponds, pools, sanitizer ( control fungi diseases) Zinc- anti- dandruff shampoo & mouth wash |
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Mutagens |
Chem |
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