Metabolism

Front 1

What is metabolism?

Back 1

Is the sum of all the chemical processes carried out by living organisms.

Front 2

What is anabolism?

Back 2

Reactions that require energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler one.

Hint 2

It is needed for growth, reproduction, and repair of cellular structures

Front 3

What is catabolism?

Back 3

Reactions that release energy by breaking complex molecules into simpler ones that can then be reused as building blocks

Hint 3

It provides an organism with energy for its life processes, including movement, transport, and the synthesis of complex molecules that is anabolism

Front 4

What is Autotrophs?

Back 4

Making of own food by reducing CO²

Front 5

What is photoautotrophs?

Back 5

Falls under autotrophs. Uses light energy to make own food.

Front 6

What is chemoautotroph?

Back 6

Uses inorganic compounds make larger organic compounds for themselves . Make energy for themselves. Not relaying on the others. Make their own food.

Front 7

What is Heterotrophs?

Back 7

They feed on the others. Use ready made organic molecules for their food.

Front 8

What is photoheterotrophs?

Back 8

Use the light energy. Depends on ready made organic molecules for food.

Front 9

What is Chemoheterotrophs?

Back 9

Feeding on others. We humans are chemoheterotrophs. Our energy source is organic compounds for energy. We relay on getting our energy through chemicals. Ex. Carbs

Front 10

What are Enzymes?

Back 10

Special category of proteins found in all living organisms

Front 11

True or False? Most cells contain hundreds of enzymes, and cells are constantly synthesizing proteins, many of which are enzymes

Back 11

True

Front 12

Enzymes are ________________. All enzymes are ________________.

Back 12

1. Protein catalyst

2. Biological catalysts

Front 13

What are catalysts?

Back 13

Substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves.

Front 14

True or False? Catalysts speed up reactions.

Back 14

True

Front 15

Whats the only other way to speed up the reaction rate?

Back 15

Increase temperature

Front 16

What happens when a 10-degree increase in temperature occurs?

Back 16

It doubles the reaction rate

Front 17

True of false?

Most cells would not die when exposed to such rise in temperature

Back 17

False

Front 18

An enzyme is a large ______

A. Carbohydrate

B. Nucleic acid

C. Protein

D. Lipid

Back 18

C. PROTEIN

Front 19

True or False

An organism can live without enzymes?

Back 19

False

Front 20

Enzymes are necessary for _______

A. Life at temperatures that cells can withstand

B. To act as a catalyst in chemical reactions

C. make materials that cells need

D. All of the above

Back 20

D. All of the Above

Front 21

Catalysts

A. All enzymes are organic catalysts or biological catalysts.

B. Not all cataylsts are enzymes. Enzymes are complex proteins. (Fast reaction)

C. Other catalysts and simple inorganic molecules. (Slow reaction).

D. A and C

E. All of the above

Back 21

E. All of the above

Front 22

True or false?

Enzymes lower the activation of energy

Back 22

True

Front 23

What us active site?

Back 23

It is a certain area in the enzymes surface. A binding site. It forms a loose association with its substrate.

Front 24

What is a substrate?

Back 24

A substance on which the enzyme act. Can be broken down or come together.

- enzyme binds to the active site of the substrate

Has kinetic energy.

Collides with various molecules within a cell

Front 25

What happens when a substrate collides with active site of its enzyme, an ____________________________ is formed.

Back 25

Enzyme-substrate complex

Front 26

True or False: As a result of binding to the enzyme, all of the chemical bonds in the substrate are weakened.

Back 26

False.

Only some of the chemicals bonds in the substrate are weakened.

Front 27

What happens when the substrate are weakened?

Back 27

The substrate then undergoes chemical changes, the product or products are formed and the enzyme detaches.

1. Undergoes chemical changes

2. Formed

3. Enzymes detaches

Front 28

Enzymes generally have a ____________ of specificity

Back 28

High degree

Front 29

Substrate catalyze only _____ type of reaction

Back 29

One

Front 30

True or false: most substrate act on only one particular substrate.

Back 30

True

Front 31

What shape is the enzymes?

Back 31

Tertiary structure

Front 32

Which one does belong as a specificity for substrate?

A. Substrate electrical charges at its active site , accounts for its specificity

B. When ensyme acts one more than one substrate, it usually acts on substrate with the same functional group or the same kind of chemical bond

C. Prototypical or protein splitting enzymes act on different proteins by always act on the peptide bonds in those proteins

D. All of the above

Back 32

D. All of the above

Front 33

What is a tertiary structure?

Back 33

Further bending and folding of the protein molecule into globular (irregular spherical) shapes or fibrous threadlike strands.

Front 34

How are enzymes usually named?

Back 34

By adding the suffix-ase to the name of the substrate on which they act

Front 35

What are the categories of Enzymes?

Back 35

Endoenzymes

Exoenzymes

Front 36

What is endoenzymes?

Back 36

Endoenzymes: or intracellular enzymes, act within the cell that produced them.

Front 37

What is exoenzymes?

Back 37

Exoenzymes: including extracelluar enzymes, are synthesized in a cell but cross the cell membrane to act in the periplasmic space or in the cells immediate environment.

Front 38

What is Coenzyme?

Back 38

A nonprotein organic molecule bound to or loosely associated with an enzyme.

Many are synthesized from vitmains, which are essential nutrients precisely because they are required to make coenzyme.

Front 39

What is cofactor?

Back 39

Usually an inorganic ion, such as magnesium, zinc or manganese.

They often improve the fit of an enzyme with its substrate and their presence can be essential in allowing the reaction to proceed.

Front 40

What is apoenzyme?

Back 40

a protein that forms an active enzyme system by combination with a coenzyme and determines the specificity of this system for a substrate.

Front 41

What is holoenzyme?

Back 41

an enzyme complete with its apoenzyme and cofactors

Front 42

What are inhibitors?

Back 42

Front 43

A substance that reduces or stops a reaction. Reduces the activity of an enzyme molecule.

What Am I?

Back 43

Inhibitors

Front 44

prevention of the reaction even if the substrate can still bind

Back 44

non-competitive inhibition

Front 45

What are the Two Types of Reversible Inhibition

Back 45

Competitive

Non-Competitve

Front 46

Competitive inhibition

Back 46

where inhibitor has similar shape to substrate molecule and competes with substrate for the enzyme's active site. Blocks active site and prevents enzyme-substrate complexes.

Front 47

What drugs are competitive inhibitors?

Back 47

SULFA DRUGS

Front 48

Enzymes are affected by _____ and by extremes of ____.

Back 48

1. Heat

2. pH.

Front 49

What is Optimum temperature?

Back 49

Means where it works the best. 37c is normal body temperature.

Front 50

Human enzymes have optimum pH near netural

Back 50

True

Front 51

What is pH?

Back 51

The measure of a solutions potential to attract hydrogen ions.

Is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution

Front 52

How is Enzymes affected by temperature and pH?

Back 52

Temperature: raising the temperature generally speeds the reaction, and lowering the temperature slows down the reaction. However, extreme high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working

pH: each enzyme has an optimum pH range. Changing the pH outside of this range will slow enzyme activity. Extreme pH values can cause enzymes to denature.

Hint 52

*Professor want you to know what optimum temperature and optimum pH means

Front 53

Glycolysis is

Back 53

Splitting of sugar. It is anaerobic process.

Front 54

Glycolic glucose is

Back 54

Oxidized to pyruvic acid. Energy is needed to start the process.

Front 55

What are the 4 important events that occur in glycolytic pathway?

Back 55

1. Substrate level phosphorylation( the transfer of phosphate groups from ATPs to glucose

2.breaking of a six carbon molecule (glucose) into two 3- carbon molecules

3. The transfer of two electrons to the coenzyne NAD

4. The capture of energy in ATP

Front 56

What is the summary of glycolysis?

Back 56

1. You start with one glucose molecule

2. You use two ATP for energy. Phosphorylation occurs.

3. You gain two NADH molecules

4. You gain four ATP molecules (-2(used at the start) +4=2(net gain))

4. You gain two pyruvic acids

Hint 56

*What you need to know for the test

Glucose +2ADP +2Pi +2 NAD ------> 2Pyruvate+2ATP+2NADH

Front 57

Homolactic acid fermentation pyruvic acid is directly converted to

Back 57

Lactic acid

Front 58

Alcoholic fermentation makes

Back 58

Alcohol

Front 59

Sugar Mannitol fermentation test is

Back 59

Test that uses the sugar Mannitol and the pH indicator phenol red.

Front 60

What is considered noncompetitive inhibitors?

Back 60

Lead mercury and other heavy metals.

They can bind to other sites on the enzyme molecules and permanently change its shape and inactivate it.

Front 61

___________ is a kind of reversible noncompetitive inhibition, regulates the rate of many metabolic pathways

Back 61

Feedback inhibition

Front 62

Protein structures chapter 2

Back 62

Front 63

Enzyme inhibition

Back 63

Front 64

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Back 64

Front 65

Abbreviations

Back 65

Front 66

Phosphorylation

Back 66

Front 67

Summary of Glycolysis

Back 67

Front 68

Alternative to Glycolysis

Back 68

Front 69

Involuntary drunkness

Back 69

Front 70

Other fermentation and their uses in diagnosis

Back 70