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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the types of energy |
kinetic, potential, chemical |
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what is the first law of thermodynamics |
that energy can not be created or destroyed |
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where does most energy in the human body come from |
the potential chemical energy in what we eat and cellular respiration |
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how is energy transfered in a chemical reaction |
breaking bonds requires energy and forming bonds releases energy |
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what is an exergonic reaction |
energy is released reactants have more potential energy than the products |
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what is an endergonic reaction |
energy is absorbed products have more potential energy than reactants |
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what is metabolism |
the rate at which exergonic and endergonic reactions occur |
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what is atp |
adenosine triphosphate is the primary source of energy in all free living cells |
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what is the function of atp |
to provide the cell with energy energy stored in bond between second and third phosphate |
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what is the atp cycle (draw) |
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what is activation energy |
in order for a reaction to occur the chemical bonds must gain enough energy so that they become unstable activation energy is the amount of energy needed to break the reactants bond |
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what is an enzyme |
a protein catalyst catalyzes a reaction when an enzyme is used the activation energy is lower |
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how do enzymes work (draw) |
specific substrates bind to specific active sites making each enzyme specific for its function |
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what factors affect enzyme activity |
temperature pH concentration of substrate/enzyme |
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what are cofactors/coenzymes |
some enzymes will only function properly in the presence of a specific other factor (ex: iron) or a specific other enzyme |
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what is an enzyme inhibitor |
substrates than inhibit enzyme activity |
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what is the difference between a competitive and non competitive enzyme inhibitor |
competitive: are similar to active site so they enter and block the site non competitive: fit into a different active spot and cause the enzyme to change shape therefor the enzyme loses affinity for the substrate |
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what is an allosteric enzyme |
an enzyme that switches back and forth between active and inactive states |
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how many steps are in glycolysis |
10 |
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where does glycolysis occur |
cytoplasm |
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is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic |
anaerobic |
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what is produced and what is used in the process of glycolysis |
used: 2 atp 2 inorganic phosphate produced: 2 nadh 4 atp 2 h2o |
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is glycolysis a good source of energy |
no not a lot of energy is produced |
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what is the mitochondria (draw) |
the powerhouse of the cell produces lots of atp |
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what is pyruvate oxidation (draw also) |
2 pyruvate molecules produced from glycolysis are changed into acetyl coA |
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what is a redox reaction |
involves the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another |
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what is oxidation |
process of losing electrons |
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what is reduction |
process of gaining electrons |
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what is aerobic cellular respiration |
a series of 20 redox reactions in the presence of oxygen |
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how does oxygen oxidize (remove electrons) C-H bonds in glucose two ways |
transfer of H in C-H bonds to H-O bonds in water transfer of C in C-H bonds to C=O bonds in carbon dioxide |
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what are the goals of cellular respiration |
to move hydrogen atoms from glucose to oxygen forming water to move carbon atoms from glucose to oxygen forming carbon dioxide to trap as much free energy as possible as atp |
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cellular respiration requires 4 steps |
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle and electron transport chain |
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what is substrate level phosphorylation |
when atp is directly formed from a reaction a phosphate containing compound transfers a phosphate group directly to adp creating atp |
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what is oxidative phosphorylation |
atp is formed indirectly yields more atp production than substrate level phosphorylation |
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what is the krebs cycle |
to produce energy through the reduction of glucose |
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where does the carbon from the glucose go when broken down |
carbon is oxidized to co2 which then leaves the cell as a waste into the blood stream, into the lungs then exhaled |
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what enters the ETC |
2 nadh from glycolysis 2 nadh from pyruvate oxidation 6 nadh from krebs cycle 2 fadh from krebs cycle |
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what is the importance of oxygen in the etc |
the oxygen is the final proton acceptor meaning it creates the buildup of hydrogen on one side of the inner membrane creating a proton gradient, the production of atp is dependant on the proton gadient |
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how much energy is made during aerobic respiration |
36 atp (theoretical yield) |
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why is the actual yield of aerobic respiration less than 36 atp |
some h+ protons can slip through lipid bilayer of mitochondria some h+ are used for other energy requiring activities, some are given off as heat energy every h+ lost is an atp lost |
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what is metabolic rate |
the overall rate at which cellular respiration takes place |
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what is basal metabolic rate, what can affect it |
the minimum amount of energy required to keep an organism alive age and gender affect the BMR of an individual |
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what is phosphofructokinase |
when atp is high glycolysis stops when adp is high glycolysis is activated |
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what is pyruvate decorboxylse |
lots of nadh indicates that the etc is full and atp production is high so nadh inhibits the production of pyruvate |
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what are some secondary sources of energy the human body will use in times of desperation |
proteins, lipids, nucleic acids |
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what organisms can photosynthesize |
all that contain chlorophyl, mostly plants |
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what is porphyrin |
the base of chlorophyl a and b r group attached to porphyrin determines if it is chlorophyl a or b |
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what is cyanobacteria |
first organisms to use sunlight to produce organic compounds from water and carbon dioxide |
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what is the general equation for photosynthesis |
6co2 + 6h2o + light energy --> c6h12o6 + 6o2 |
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what type of reaction is photosynthesis |
an endergonic meaning reactants have more potential energy than products |
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what is the general structure of a leaf |
cuticle, epidermis layer, mesophyl layer and lower epidermis |
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what are stomata |
regulate the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere allow transpiration to occur |
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what are vascular bundles |
transport water and minerals from roots to the leaves xylem and phloem |
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what is the importance of transpiration |
transpiration is the loss of water vapour through plant tissues creates a transpiration pull that pulls water and nutrients from the soil to the leaves |
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what controls the stomata |
the availability of atp |
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what happens to stomata during the day |
receptor on the guard cell surface stimulates proton pump that moves H+ out of the cell the resulting electrochemical gradient causes K+ to enter the cell |
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what happens to stomata at night |
proton pumps are not active causing water to leave cells guard cell becomes limp and stomata close |
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where does photosynthesis occur |
chloroplasts |
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what is the stroma |
the inner membrane space kindof like the matrix |
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what are thylakoids |
system of membrane bound sacs increase surface area for photosynthesis to occur |
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what is a grana |
stack of thylakoids |
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what are the three stages of photosynthesis |
1. the capturing of light energy 2. using light energy to make atp and nadph and h+ 3. using atp and nadph to synthesize organic compounds such as glucose from CO2 |
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what are the light reactions in photosynthesis |
stages one and two requires chlorophyl and occur on the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplasts |
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what is carbon fixation in photosynthesis |
stage three takes place in the stroma also called the calvin cycle or the dark reaction uses atp and nadph made in light reactions to incorporate the carbon of co2 into organic compounds |
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what does the calvin cycle do |
turns inorganic carbon into organic carbon |
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what are the three stages of the calvin cycle |
carbon fixation reduction reactions ribulose regeneration |
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what is phase one of the calvin cycle and describe it |
carbon fixation 3 co2 molecules are added to 3 ribulose (rubisco) molecules to make 6 pga molecules |
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what is phase two of the calvin cycle and describe it |
reduction reaction all 6 pga molecules are phosphorylated by an atp molecule to form 6 1-3 biphosphoglycerate molecules the six 1-3 gpa molecules are reduced with nadph molecules to form six g3p (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate) molecules one g3p exits the cycle as waste |
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what is phase 3 of the calvin cycle and explain it |
rubp regeneration remaining five g3p molecules are rearranged to form 3 rubp molecules 3 atp are used in the third phase |
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what is rubisco and what does it do |
most important enzyme catalyzes the reaction in carbon fixation where 3 co2 molecules are added to 3 rubp (ribulose) molecules rubisco attaches co2 to the ribulose |
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what is carboxylase |
an enzyme that adds or removes carbon |
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what is oxygenase |
an enzyme that adds oxygen to a substrate |
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what is photorespiration |
the binding of an oxygen to a ribulose instead of carbon dioxide, this will only happen when o2 is more plentiful than co2 or if the temperature increases |
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what happens during photorespiration |
one rubp produces 1 pga and 1 glycolate (instead of 2 pga molecules produced when co2 binds to ribulose) the glycolate molecules are then recycled back into the cell (co2 is lost when this happens) |
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what is the optimum temperature for photosynthesis vs photorespiration |
photosynthesis- 15-25 degrees celcius photorespiration- 30-47 degrees celcius as the temperature increases above 25 so does the rate of photorespiration |
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why is photorespiration not ideal |
because rubp is lost |
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what are two different solutions plants in hot dry climates have evolved to solve the problem of losing rubp in photorespiration |
C4 photosynthesis crassulacean acid metabolism |
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how much more energy does c4 photosynthesis require |
12 more atp per glucose (2 atp per carbon) resulting in 30 atp used in photosynthesis instead of 18 |
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what is crassulacean acid metabolism |
"cam" plants keep their stomata closed during the day and open them at night, this occurs in places where water is scarce and must be preserved |
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describe what happens during cam |
at night when the cam plants open their stomata the co2 that is collected is bound to PEP (phosphoenolyruvate) producing oxaloacetate by the same enzyme found in c4 photosynthetic plants the oxaloacetate is then converted to malate and the malate is stored in the vacuoles in the cell, during the day when the stomata are closed the malate is used for photosynthesis |
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how much extra energy is needed for cam plants to photosynthesize |
the same as c4 plants, 12 extra atp per glucose |
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what is the light compensation point |
when the co2 produced from cellular respiration is enough to power photosynthesis for the plant |
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what is light limited photosynthesis |
as the light intensity increases more co2 is needed than can be produced, most plants will have access to the extra co2 needed the rate of photosynthesis is dependant on the amount of light entering the cell |
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what is the light saturation point |
the point at which the amount of co2 is able to balance the amount of light received as the light intensity increases the plant will absorb more light energy than it can handle and will be able to undergo more photosynthesis with the light but has insufficient amount of co2 |
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what are the reactants of cellular respiration |
glucose and oxygen |
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what is oxidized and what us reduced in the process of cellular respiration |
nadh is oxidized and pyruvate is reduced |
