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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cellular respiration equation |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 3 ATP |
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What is cellular respiration? |
The release of energy through oxidation of glucose |
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What does oxidation involve? |
The removal of electrons (usually H in bio) and the transfer of energy |
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4 stages of cellular respiration |
1.Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation 3. Kerbs cycle 4. Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation |
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Redox reactions |
Oil Rig Oxygen is lost of electrons Reduction is gain of electrons -> transfer of energy |
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Phosphorylation |
Addition of phosphate |
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Dephosphorylation |
Remove a phosphate |
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Dephosphorylation |
Remove a phosphate |
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Isomerization |
Rearrangement reaction |
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Dephosphorylation |
Remove a phosphate |
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Isomerization |
Rearrangement reaction |
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Decarboxylation |
Remove a carboxyl —> CO2 |
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What is ATP synthesis and what are the 2 types? |
Phosphorylation of ADP 1. Substrate level phosphorylation —> uses an enzyme to form ATP directly 2. Oxidative phosphorylation—> forms ATP with proton pump w/ facilitated diffusion |
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ATP hydrolysis |
ATP + H2O -> ADP + P(energized) -bond between 2nd & 3rd phosphate is a high energy bond -releases energy when broken |
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ATP + Energy coupling |
- During hydrolysis of ATP, often the 3rd phosphate will attach to another organic molecule (phosphorylation) - results in a transfer of free energy & allows the cell to perform an endergonic reaction |
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Exergonic and Endergonic reactions |
Exergonic -> energy is released Endergonic -> energy is absorbed |
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2 ways living things get energy |
- directly: photosynthesis (sunlight) -indirectly: Cellular respiration (consuming substance) |
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Why is glucose not used directly as an energy source for cells? |
Too much energy, must be broken down to ATP |
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Significance of phosphorylation? |
-Energizes molecules - can be used to make a product |
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Glycolysis location |
Cytoplasm |
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Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic ? |
-anaerobic because it doesn’t use O2 |
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Glycolysis reactants and products |
Reactants Products - 1 glucose - 2 pyruvate - 2 ATP - 2 ADP - 2 NAD+ - 2 NADH -4 ADP - 4 ATP |
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Gross and net of ATP in glycolysis |
-Gross 4 ATP -Net 2 ATP |
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Pyruvate oxidation location |
- location : mitochondrial matrix - pyruvate enters mitochondra via transport protein |
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Pyruvate oxidation |
1. A carboxyl is removed as CO2 (decarboxylation) 2. Remaining 2 carbon sugar is oxidized by NAD+ (reduced to NADH) 3. Co enzyme A is added to 2 C sugar to form acetyl-CoA |
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Pyruvate oxidation location |
- location : mitochondrial matrix - pyruvate enters mitochondra via transport protein |
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Pyruvate oxidation reactants and products |
Reactants Products - 2 pyruvate - 2 CO2 - 2 CoA - 2 acetyl- CoA - 2 NAD+ - 2 NADH |
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Krebs cycle location |
Mitochondrial Matrix |
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Krebs cycle reactants and products |
Reactants Products - 2 Acetyl-CoA - 4 CO2 -2 Oxaloacetate - 2 Oxaloacetate - 6 NAD+ - 6 NADH - 2 FAD - 2 FADH - 2 ADP - 2 ATP |
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Krebs cycle reactants and products |
Reactants Products - 2 Acetyl-CoA - 4 CO2 -2 Oxaloacetate - 2 Oxaloacetate - 6 NAD+ - 6 NADH - 2 FAD - 2 FADH - 2 ADP - 2 ATP |
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Where do the products go after Krebs cycle? |
-NADH and FADH2 go through electron transport system - 4 CO2 is a waste product - 2 Oxaloacetate remains in the Krebs cycle - 2 ATP is used as energy |
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When does fermentation occur and what are the 2 types? |
- occurs when there’s no O2 - Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation |
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What is the purpose of fermentation |
- regenerate the supply of NAD+ - the regeneration of NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue so more ATP can be produced |
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Alcohol fermentation reactants and products |
Reactants Products - 2 pyruvate - 2 ethanol - 2 NADH. - 2 NAD+ —————— - 2 CO2
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Lactic Acid fermentation reactants and products |
Reactants Products - 2 pyruvate - 2 Lactate - 2 NADH - 2 NAD+ |
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Electron transport chain & oxidation phosphorylation |
- NADH + FADH2 carry these electrons to the inner membrane of the mitochondria - electrons are passed through a series of redox reactions between proteins embedded in the inner membrane - energy is released to drive proton pump (H+ moves from matrix to inner membrane space) - Final electron acceptor is O2 which makes 2 H2O - As H+ re-enters the matrix through ATP synthase, energy is released and used to make ATP |
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NADH Vs FADH2 |
- NADH drives 3 proton pumps as it enters earlier than FADH - Each NADH produces 3 ATP - Each FADH2 produces 2 ATP |
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Total ATP production |
-gylcolysis : 2 ATP 2 NADH x 3 —>6 ATP - Pyruvate oxidation: 2 NADH x 3 —> 6 ATP - Krebs : 2 ATP 6 NADH x 3 —>18 ATP 2 FADH2 x 2 —> 4 ATP Total: 38 ATP |
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Deamination |
- removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound |
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Transamination |
- the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another |
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Lipid oxidation |
- glycerol + 3 fatty acids - B- oxidation removes 2 C at a time from carboxyl end of fatty acid -Called a helix because the product isn’t the same but the series of reactions are |
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Protein Oxidation |
-has an amino side and carboxyl - usually produces a sugar from krebs - deamination and transanimation |
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Protein Oxidation |
- Deamination -usually will produce an immediate sugar from krebs - Transanimation - produce another amino acid & a sugar |
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Protein Oxidation |
Deamination -usually will produce an immediate sugar from krebs Transanimation - produce another amino acid & a sugar |
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Photons |
- bundle of light |
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What must happen to permit an electron to move from one energy level to a higher energy level? |
- electron absorbs a photon |
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What are pigments? |
- Molecules bound to proteins that don’t move - they are used to capture light energy - what ever light is not absorbed we see |
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What is the characteristics about the structure of carotenoid pigments and their function |
- series of alternating double and single bonds in the backbone of the pigment - function is accessory pigments |
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Chlorophyll a and b structure |
Chlorophyll a: CH3 Chlorophyll b: CHO |
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Why is photon capture more efficient with chlorophyll than with carotenoid pigment? |
-because chlorophyll can transfer energy to the primary electron acceptor directly |
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Photosynthesis equation |
CO2 + H2O —> C6H12O6 + O2 |
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Light independent reactions |
- photons strike a photosynthetic membrane to produce ATP + NADH - Location : Thylakoid membrane |
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Photosystem |
Photosystem: cluster of proteins + pigments 2 parts: - antenna complex : pigment molecules - reaction centre : contains chlorophyll a |
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Photosystem II |
-splitting of H2O into electrons - antenna complex absorbs photon of light and transfers to P680, resulting in energized P680 |
