Memory

Front 1

Thalamus (memory)

Back 1

Directs attention

Front 2

Parietal Lobe (memory)

Back 2

Associated with spatial memories

Front 3

Caudate Nucleus (memory)

Back 3

Associate with memories of instinctive skills
i.e. grooming

Front 4

Mamillary Body (memory)

Back 4

Associated with episodic memories

Front 5

Frontal Lobe (memory)

Back 5

Seat of working memory
Real vs make-believe episodic memories
Semantic memories draw on stored knowledge

Front 6

Cerebellum (memory)

Back 6

Associated with conditioned memories - events linked by time
i.e. direct timing and coordination

Front 7

Hippocampus (memory)

Back 7

Experiences/events are turned into memories here

Front 8

Amygdala (memory)

Back 8

Emotional memories may be stored here

Front 9

Temporal Lobe (memory)

Back 9

Holds general knowledge
Encoding factural info
Recall of facts

Front 10

Putamen (memory)

Back 10

Associated with procedural skills
i.e. riding a bike

Front 11

Working Memory

Back 11

.5 seconds to 10 minutes. Holding a plan of action while calling up items from the rest of the brain. Two neural loops, for visual data and for language, these act as scratch pads, temporarily holding data until it is erased by the next job.

Front 12

Episodic Memory

Back 12

Parts of the brain involved depend on original experience. Highly visual experiences, for example will activate visual areas of the brain, while remembering a voice will activate the auditory cortex.

Front 13

Semantic Memory

Back 13

Facts that may once have had a personal context but now stand as simple knowledge.

Front 14

Procedural Memory

Back 14

"Body" memories allowing us to carry out ordinary motor actions automatically.

Front 15

Learning VS Memory

Back 15

Learning is the process of acquiring new information

Memory refers to the persistence of learning in a state that be revealed at a later time

Learning has an outcome - and we refer to that as memory

Front 16

Encoding

Back 16

Process of incoming information to be stored

Front 17

Storage

Back 17

The result of acquisition and consolidation, creates and maintains a permanent record

Front 18

Retrieval

Back 18

Utilizes stored information to create a conscious representation or to execute a learned behavior like a motor act.

Recall, recognition - how to measure

Front 19

confabulation

Back 19

the child constructs plausible responses to information requests (interpreted by others as lying or oppositional behavior)

Front 20

Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia (MTLA)

Back 20

permit storage and retrieval until consolidated
Amygdala and Hippocampus
Retrograde Amnesia (rapid rate of forgetting)
Tumors, Encephailitis, Trauma, etc
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

Front 21

Unilateral Temporal Lobe Amnesia (UTLA)

Back 21

Medial temporal lobes
Left = impaired verbal memory
Right = deficits of visual and nonverbal memory

Front 22

Hippocampus

Back 22

Mnemonic processes with thalamic imputs
Consolidation (memories solidified in long-term)
Spatial relationship memory

Front 23

Amygdala

Back 23

Emotional memory
Recognizing an object = amygdala or hippocampus

Front 24

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 24

Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to create new memories due to brain damage. The brain damage can be caused by the effects of long-term alcoholism, severe malnutrition, stroke, head trauma, surgery, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, cerebrovascular events, anoxia or other trauma

Front 25

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 25

Retrograde amnesia refers to inability to recall memories before onset of amnesia. One may be able to encode new memories after the incident. Retrograde is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain besides the hippocampus.

Front 26

Diencephalic Amnesia

Back 26

Parts of the diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus) degenerate in Korsakoff's syndrom producing global amnesia seen in chronic alcoholics.

Front 27

Mishkin's Model of Memory

Back 27

Acetylcholine plays a major role
Amygdala plays a major role

Front 28

Squire and Zola-Morgan Model of Memory

Back 28

Memory is not a single faculty but multiple systems.
Hippocampus role is only temporary.

Front 29

Baddeley and Hitch Working Memory Model
Phonological Loop

Back 29

The Phonological Loop
Accoustic coding info in working memory
1. Acccoustic store sound inputs
2. Articulatory component subvocal rehearsal

Front 30

Baddeley and Hitch Working Memory Model
Visuospatial Sketchpad

Back 30

Short-term loop
Two codes visual or visuospatial do not cross

Front 31

Long-Term Memory

Back 31

Declarative Memory (explicit events and facts)
Nondeclarative Memory (implicit procedures, etc)

Front 32

Episodic Memory
(declarative)

Back 32

Events
Personal experiences from time and place

Front 33

Semantic Memory
(declarative)

Back 33

Facts
World knowledge
Object knowledge
Language knowledge
Concept priming

Front 34

Nondeclarative memory
(classical conditioning)

Back 34

Procedural skills/habits (striatum)
Skeletal musculature (cerebellum)
Emotional responses (amygdala)

Front 35

Interference

Back 35

When a new list of words is read immediately after the last learning trial, some of the words that had been learned may be forgotten due to INTERFERENCE

Front 36

Retroactive Interference

Back 36

When the effort to learn the new list affects what had been learned over repeated trials, teh effect of interference is retroactive

Front 37

Proactive Interference

Back 37

When the effort to learn a new list over repeated trials reduces the number of new words that can be learned on the new list, the interference is proactive.

Front 38

Intrusion Errors

Back 38

(mixing the words on the 2 lists) also decrease with age as do the number of words reported that were not on any list

Front 39

Confaulation Errros

Back 39

Recalled or unrelated words not on the list. Most serious type of intrusion error. Can indicate impaired memory in combination with possible deficits in language or attention.

Front 40

Phonemic Association Error

Back 40

Inserting a word that sounds similar to one of the stimuli (cat for car). This error may be indicative of a phonological processing deficit.

Front 41

Semantic Association Error

Back 41

Substituting a word with a similar meaning for one of the stimuli (chevy for car).

Front 42

Semantic Intrusion Error

Back 42

Substituting cat for dog, considered to reflect a serious memory problem.

Front 43

Learning curve or slope

Back 43

An indicator of how a child learns (benefits) from multiple exposures to the same information.

Front 44

Cued Recall Memory

Back 44

Cued Recall is when a person is given a list of items to remember and is then tested with cues to remember material. Participants are given pairs, usually of words, A1-B1, A2-B2…AL-BL,

Front 45

Free Recall Memory

Back 45

Free recall describes the process in which a person is given a list of items to remember and then is tested by being asked to recall them in any order.[5] Free recall often displays evidence of primacy and recency effects.

Front 46

Metamemory

Back 46

An ability to think about memory before and while using it for a specific purpose.

Front 47

Primacy Effect

Back 47

Primacy effects are displayed when the person recalls items presented at the beginning of the list earlier and more often.

Front 48

Recency Effect

Back 48

The recency effect is when the person recalls items presented at the end of the list earlier and more often

Front 49

Baddeley and Hitch proposed a working memory model

Back 49

In this model, working memory consists of three basic stores: the central executive, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad

Front 50

Confabulation

Back 50

Confabulation is a memory disturbance that is characterized by verbal statements or actions that inaccurately describe history, background, and present situations.[1] Confabulation is considered “honest lying,”

Front 51

Entorhinal cortex

Back 51

The EC is the main interface between the hippocampus and neocortex. The EC-hippocampus system plays an important role in autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories and in particular spatial memories including memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep.

Front 52

Diencephalic Amnesia

Back 52

Anterograde amnesia in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is associated with diencephalic lesions, mainly in the anterior thalamic nuclei. Whether diencephalic and temporal lobe amnesias are distinct entities is still not clear.

Front 53

Medial Temporal Amnesia

Back 53

Most amnesic patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe retain some capacity to learn new information about facts and events.

Front 54

Acetylcholine and Memory

Back 54

Pharmacological data clearly indicate that both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors play a role in encoding of new memories.

Front 55

Broadmann area 40

Back 55

Brodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus. Mirror neuron system, and active in humans during imitation.