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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Meiosis:
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fasdfsjaflk
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For organisms that do not divide and create offspring, what is required
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sexual reproduction
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The ___ and ____ from two separate individuals meet and create offspring
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egg and sperm
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Reproductive cells, such as egg and sperm, are
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gametes
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The gamete of a female is an
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egg (large - contains LOTS of cytoplasm)
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The gamete of a male is a
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sperm (small and motile, has flagella)
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Gametes of an organism have half the amount of DNA found in
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somatic (body) cells
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The half of DNA in gametes means that
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gametes are ensured that the offspring have a full set of chromosomes when the egg and sperm unite
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Meiosis is
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a type of cell division that cuts the number of chromosomes in half
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Homologous pairs
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chromosomes that have the same code for the same structure but have variations
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An organism that has homologous pairs are known as
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diploid organisms
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The symbol to represent a diploid organism is
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2n
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We have 46 chromosomes
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23 from mom and 23 from dad
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Organisms that do not have homologous pairs are known as
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haploid organisms
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Organisms that produce asexually, such as yeast, are
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haploid organisms
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Haploid cell _____ have homologous pairs
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does not
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Diploid cell ______ have homologous pairs
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does
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The process in which an egg and sperm cell meets
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fertilization
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Single cell that results from fertilization is known as a
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zygote
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A zygote is the first cell in a fetus that is _____, which comes from 2 haploid cells
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diploid
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Zygotes are an ___ + ___
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oocyte + sperm
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A woman is born with all the primary oocytes she will ever have, but they are in ____ _
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Prophase I
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The cells stay in prophase I until puberty, and after puberty, ____ occurs once a month to produce an ____ and the woman's ____ ___
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meiosis, egg, menstrual cycle
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Sperm cells are created in a process called
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spermatogenesis
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The random sorting of chromosomes during Metaphase is known as ____ _____
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independent assortment
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During Prophase I when the homologous pairs become tangled up with each other and form a tetrad, they will
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swap genes
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The rearranging of an individual chromosome is called:
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recombination
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Recombination causes
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the sister chromatids to no longer by identical in a duplicated chromosome
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Crossing over
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just another way to have genetic variation in egg and sperm cells - the reason that brothers and sister (NOT identical twins) do not look identical is due to independent assortment and crossing over
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Mitosis
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PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis) - Interphase is 90%, composed of G1, S, G2
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Karyotypes and Nondisjunction:
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adjfsk
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A human being's chromosomes are made up of
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chromosomes and autosomes.
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How many autosomes are in a human cell
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44
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How many sex chromosomes are in a human cell
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2
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What is an autosome
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an autosome contains the genetic information for the majority of your physical and chemical traits - enzymes in the body, hair color, eye color, nose shape, hair line, height, and skin color.
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What is a sex chromosome
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a sex chromosome contains the genetic information to make an individual male or female
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Nondisjunction is what
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when a cell divides incorrectly in meioisis or mitosis, and nondisjunction can occur. Nondisjunction is the improper division of a cell, and causes the daughter cells to have more or less chromosomes than they normally would have.
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When an egg cell is fertilized with the sperm that has an extra chromosome, the _____ will have an extra chromosome in all of its cells
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zygote
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An individual that has an extra chromosome and has three chromosomes at a homologous pair instead of the typical two, is known as ______
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trisomy
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A person with Down syndrome has _____ at chromosome ____
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trisomy, 21
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An individual that lacks a chromosome and does not have a homologous pair for one of its chromosomes is known as _______
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monosomy
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An individual with Turner's syndrome has ______
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monosomy
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Klinefelter is a _____
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trisomy
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Turner is a ____
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monosomy
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Triple X is a _____
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trisomy
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Down Syndrome is a ______ _____
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Trisomy 21
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Edward Syndrome is a _____ _____
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Trisomy 18
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Pateau Syndrome is a ______ _____
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Trisomy 13
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To learn about an individual's genetic information, a ________ can be performed
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karyotype
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Karyotypes are created using tissue, and this tissue is obtained by two methods, _____ and _____
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amniocentesis and CVS
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Amniocentesis is
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a technique in which amniotic fluid is withdrawn from the sac surrounding the baby.
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CVS is
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a technique where a needle is placed into the placenta and tissue is extracted
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Various Genetic Diseases:
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fdasf
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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Trisomy 23 of XXY; Symptoms are - small testes, development of breasts; only occurs in males
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Karyotype Notation
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47, XXY
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Turner Syndrome
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Monosomy 23 of XO; Symptoms are - infertile, short, webbed neck, broad chest, female
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Karyotype Notation
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44, XO
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Triple X
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Trisomy 23 of XXX; Symptoms are - physically and mentally normal, female
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Karyotype Notation
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47, XXX
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Down Syndrome
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Trisomy 21; Symptoms are - mental retardation, flat face, heart problems
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Karyotype Notation
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47, XY or XX, +21
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Edward Syndrome
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Trisomy 18; Symptoms are - mental retardation, fisted hands, heart problems
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Karyotype Notation
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47, XY or XX, +18
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Patau Syndrome
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Trisomy 13; Symptoms are - cleft palate, mental retardation, small ears, malformed ears
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Karyotype Notation
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47, XY or XX, +13
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Endocrine System:
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fdasf
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The Endocrine System is
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made up of glands that control the body and its functions by chemical messengers (ie. estrogen, testosterone).
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Endocrine glands are
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pituitary gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries, hypothalamus, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and pancreas
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Pituitary is located in
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brain
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Function of pituitary is
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release hormones that stimulate puberty
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Thymus is located in
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chest (sternum)
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Function of thymus is
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thymosin - stimulate t-cell development
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Adrenal is located in
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top of kidneys
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Function of Adrenal is
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epinephrine and norephrine - fight or flight response, also controls salt, water, and glucose amounts in body
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Testes are located in
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Male groin
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Function of Testes
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testosterone - develops and maintains male reproductive parts
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Ovaries are located in
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Female groin
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Function of ovaries
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estrogen and progesterone - develops and maintains female reproductive system
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Hypothalamus is located in
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brain
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Function of hypothalamus
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release hormones that aid in puberty
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Pineal gland is located in
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brain
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Function of pineal gland is
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melatonin - control response to day and seasonal changes
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Thyroid is located in
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throat
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Function of thyroid is
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thyroxine - speed up metabolism and control growth
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Parathyroid is located in
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throat
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Function of parathyroid is
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parathyroid horomone - controls the amount of calcium in the body
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Pancreas is located in
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next to kidneys
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Function of pancreas
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lowers blood sugar and glucagon - raises blood sugar
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Menstrual cycle
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is the shedding of an unfertilized egg and built up tissue which was supposed to protect the egg if it was fertilized and the ovarian cycle is the release of a mature egg once a month
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The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus of the endocrine system gives signals to the
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ovaries of a female
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The ovaries of the female respond to the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland by
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getting an egg ready to release and making high amounts of ESTROGEN
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When the blood lining is being built, meiosis occurs in the ovaries to prepare an
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ovum
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The ___ is normally released the 14th day of the 28 day cycle
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ovum
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Menstrual Cycle
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Events Body builds up blood lining & egg develops in ovary egg released from ovary if egg is fertilized, it will attach to the blood lining in the uterus. If not fertilized, the egg & lining will be shed Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 |
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The increase in estrogen starts the production of ____
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progesterone
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Progesterone prepares the woman's body how
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for a baby
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Birth control pills
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are pills made of estrogen and progesterone, they disrupt the balance of estrogen and progesterone and the woman does not ovulate (release an egg) but still has her menstrual cycle (shedding the blood lining)
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Fallopian tube function
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connects ovary to uterus - where fertilization occurs. The inside of the tube is covered with cilia that help move the egg through the tube
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Ovaries function
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where eggs are developed into ovum (mature eggs) and produces estrogen and progesterone
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Vagina function
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where sperm is deposited and birth canal where baby exits the uterus
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Cervix function
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connects uterus and vagina - difficult for sperm - can tell when baby is ready to be born by the dilation of the cervix (10 cm)
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Uterus function
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where fetus develops. Mother's body is connected to the baby's body through the umbilical cord, which attaches to the placenta, which is attached to the uterus
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Male reproductive organs now:
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fdasfs
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Penis function
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delivers sperm into the vagina during intercourse. MAde of spongy tissue that fills with blood during intercourse
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Testes
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where sperm develops and produces testosterone - unused sperm reabsorbed by the body
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Scrotum
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sac of skin that holds the testes away from the body - must keep the sperm at a cooler temeprature that the rest of the body or they will not function properly
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Urethra
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tube which travels down the length of the penis and releases sperm - 200-500 million sperm may be released at one time
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Epididymis
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tube which holds mature sperm from the testes
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Vas deferens
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tube which connects the epididymis to the urethra
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Seminal vesicles
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gland the encompasses the urthra and produces part of the semen - high in fructose and it supplies energy for the sperm
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Prostate
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produces alkaline (basic) secretions - sperm live in those conditions
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Sperm is made in the
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testes
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The sperm matures in the
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epididymis
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During intercourse, the sperm leaves epididymis and travels through the
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vas (doctus) deferens
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Supplies fructose for the sperm to be used for energy on their journey to the egg
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seminal vesicle
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The sperm exists the penis through this tube and into the woman's vagina
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urethra
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The sperm travel up through the vagina to the
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cervix
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Once the sperm has passed through the cervix, it travels through the
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uterus
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The mature egg is released by the ____ and travels down the fallopian tube to meet a sperm cell
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ovaries
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In fraternal twins, a women releases _ eggs instead of one egg. Both eggs are fertilized by different sperm and result in two non-identical twins
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2
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In identical twins
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one egg is fertilized by one sperm but then the zygotes immediately split into two different cells. Each resulting zygote implants itself into the uterine wall and develops into identical twins
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Contraception, or ____ ____, can prevent the fertilization of an egg or disrupt the development of a zygote
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birth control
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Abstinence
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the refraining from sex is the only 100% sure method of not becoming pregnant or receiving an STI
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The pill/the ring/the patch/the implants/the shot
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all of these methods of contraception deal with changing the hormonal levels in a woman and stopping her from ovulating and releasing an egg.
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Condoms
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a barrier made of rubber or animal skin that is placed around the penis or vagina. This barrier does not allow sperm to be deposited into the woman. This method is 85-95% effective in not getting pregnant and latex/rubber condoms can prevent the spread of certain STDs- not all
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Diaphragm and Cervical Cap
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a barrier that is placed around the woman's cervix and sperm cannot enter the uterus and fallopian tubes to fertilize the egg.
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IUD (IntraUterine Device)
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a piece of metal is implanted in a woman's fallopian tubes to. This metal agitates the uterine wall and does not allow an egg to be implanted in the wall and does not allow the egg and sperm to meet.
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Vasectamy
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The vas deferens of the man is surgically cut and tied off and this does not allow sperm to exit the man's body.
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Tubal Ligation
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The fallopian tubes of a woman are surgically cut and tied off.
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Most STIs are (nouns):
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viruses, bacteria, or parasites
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Viral STIs
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HIV which causes AIDS, genital herpes, HPV
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Bacterial STIs
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syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia
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Parasitic STIs
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crabs, lice, trichomoniasis (protist)
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