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108 Cards in this Set
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external genitalia |
sex, or reproductive, organs visible on the outside of the body; also alled genitals.
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The external female genitalia are also called the vulva. Male genitalia include the penis, scrotum, and testicles. |
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gestation |
length of time from conception to birth |
The human gestational period typically extends approximately 280 days from the last menstrual period. Gestation (pregnancy) of less than 36 weeks is considered premature. |
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lactation |
Production and release of milk by mammary glands |
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orifice |
mouth; entrance, or outlet of any anatomical structure |
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internal organs(female reproductive) |
1.ovaries 2. fallopian tubes 3. uterus 4. vagina |
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external genitalia(vulva) |
1. labia minora 2. labia majora 3. clitoris 4. Bartholin glans 5. mons pubis(an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubis) |
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perineum(female) |
area between vaginal orifice and the anus |
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ova |
female reproductive cells |
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ovaries |
almond-shaped glands located in the pelvic cavity, one one on each side of the uterus |
Each ovary contains thousands of tiny, saclike structures called graafian follicles, each containing an ovum. When an ovum ripens, the mature follicle moves to the surface of the ovary, ruptures, and releases the ovum; this process is called ovulation. After ovulation, the empty follicle is transformed into a structure called the corpus luteum, a small yellow mass that secretes estrogen and progesterone. The corpus luteum degenerates at the end of a nonfertile cycle. |
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fallopian tubes(oviducts, uterine tubes) |
extend laterally from superior angles of the uterus |
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fimbriae |
fingerlike projections that create wavelike currents in fluid surrounding the ovary to move the ovum into the uterine tube. |
If the egg unites with a spermatozoon, fertilization or conception takes place. The fertilized egg then continues its journey to the uterus where it implants on the uterine wall. If conception doesn't occur, the ovum disintegrates within 48 hours and is discharged through the vagina. |
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uterus |
contains and nourishes the embryo from the time the fertilized egg is implanted until fetus is born |
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fundus |
upper, founded part of uterus |
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body of uterus |
central part |
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cervix |
also called neck of uterus or cervix uteri, the inferior constricted portion that opens into the vagina |
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vagina |
muscular tube that extends from cervix to exterior of body, its lining consisting of folds of mucous membrane that give it an elastic quality. |
acts as the organ of sexual intercourse, receptor of semen, discharges menstrual flow, and is a passageway for delivery of the fetus |
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Bartholin glands |
secretes lubrication during sexual arousal |
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clitoris |
located anterior to the vaginal orifice and is composed of erectile tissue that is richly innervated with sensory endings; similar in structure to the penis but is smaller and has no urethra |
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episiotomy |
surgical incision of the vagina during childbirth to enlarge the passageway |
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lactation |
secreting milk for the nourishment of the newborn |
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adipose tissue |
fat tissue |
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lactiferous duct |
opens at tip of nipple to drain milk |
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menarche |
initial menstrual period beginning at puberty and lasts approximately 40 years |
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parturition |
childbirth |
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embryo |
terminology used to refer to offspring up until 3 months post-conception; thereafter is referred to as fetus |
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fetus |
terminology used to refer to offspring from 3 months until childbirth; from conception until 3 months pregnancy, the word embryo is used |
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menstrual cycle |
days 1-5: endometrium sloughs off because of hormonal stimulation, process accompanied by bleeding; days 6-14 ovulatory: endometrium thickens, estrogen level rises and several ova mature in graafian follicles, ususally with only one ovum reaching full maturity. at about 14th day of the cycle, the follcile ruptures, releasing egg, process called ovulation; days 15-28 postovulatory; empty graafian follicle fills with yellow material and is now called the corpus luteum. secretions of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum stimulate building of endometrium in preparation for implantation of an embryo. if fertilization doesn't occur, corpus luteum begins to degenerate as estrogen and progesterone levels decrease. with decreased levels, the uterine lining begins to shed and the cycle starts over again |
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stage of dilation |
begins with uterine contractions and terminates when there is complete dilation of the cervix(10cm) |
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stage of expulsion |
second stage, the time from complete cervical dilation to birth of the baby |
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placental stage/afterbirth |
last stage beginning shortly after childbirth when the uterine contractions discharge the placenta from the uterus |
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amenorrhea |
(absence of menses),time at which menopause is typically diagnosed |
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change of life/climacteric |
period in which symptoms of approaching menopause occur |
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vaginal atrophy |
vaginal drying and thinning |
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hormone replacement therapy(HRT) |
although considered more controversial these days, is still used to treat vaginal atrophy and porous bones(osteoporosis), and is believed to play a role in heart attack prevention. Restraint in prescribing estrogens for long periods in all menopausal women arises from concern about increased risk of neoplastic changes in estrogen-sensitive aging tissue. |
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cervic/o |
neck; cervix uteri(neck of uterus) |
cervic/itis invlammation of the cervix -itis: inflammation |
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colp/o
vagin/o |
vagina |
colp/o/scopy: visual examination of the vagina -scopy: visual examination
vagin/o/cele: vaginal hernia; also called colpocele -cele: hernia, swelling |
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galact/o
lact/o |
milk |
galact/o/poieisis: production of milk -poieisis: formation, production lact/o/gen: forming or producing milk -gen: forming, producing, origin
Lactogen refers to any substance that stimulates milk prodcuction, such as a hormone. |
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gynec/o |
woman, female |
gynec/o/logist: physician specializing in treating disorders of the female reproductive system -logist: specialist in the study of |
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hyster/o
metri/o
uter/o |
uterus(womb) |
hyster/ectomy: excision of the uterus -ectomy: excision, removal endo/metri/al: pertaining to the lining of the uterus endo-: in, within -al: pertaining to uter/o/vagin/al: relating to the uterus and vagina vagin/o: vagina -al: pertaining to |
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mamm/o
mast/o |
breast |
mamm/o/gram: radiograph of the breast -gram: record, writing
mast/o/pexy: surgical fixation of the breast(s) -pexy: fixation (of an organ)
Mastopexy is reconstructive, cosmetic surgery performed to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position, commonly improving their shape. |
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men/o |
menses, menstruation |
men/o/rrhagia: bursting forth of the menses -rrhagia: bursting forth (of)
Menorrhagia is an excessive amount of menstrual flow over a longer duration than normal. |
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metr/o |
uterus(womb); measure |
metr/o/ptosis: prolapse or downward displacement of the uterus -ptosis: prolapse, downward displacement |
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nat/o |
birth |
pre/nat/al: pertaining to (the time period) before birth pre-: before, in front -al: pertaining to |
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oophor/o
ovari/o |
ovary |
oophor/oma: ovarian tumor -oma: tumor
ovari/o/rrhexis: rupture of an ovary -rrhexis: rupture
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perine/o |
perineum |
perine/o/rrhaphy: suture of the perineum -rrhapy: suture
Perioneorrhaphy is used to repair an episiotomy or a laceration that occurs during delivery of the fetus |
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salping/o |
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian[auditory] tubes) |
salping/o/plasty: surgical repair of a fallopian tube -plasty: surgical repair |
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-arche |
beginning |
men/arche: beginning of menstruation men: menses, menstruation |
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-cyesis |
pregnancy |
pseudo/cyesis: false pregnancy pseudo-: false |
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-gravida |
pregnant woman |
multi/gravida: woman who has been pregnant more than once multi-: many, much
The term gravida may be followed by numbers, indicating the number of pregnancies, such as gravida 1, gravida 2 or gravida I, gravida II and so forth. |
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-para |
to bear (offspring) |
nulli/para: woman who has never produced a viable offspring nulli-: none The term para followed by a Roman numeral or preceded by a Latin prefix (such as primi-, quadri-, and so forth) designates the number of times a pregnancy has culminated in a single or multiple birth. For example, para I and primipara refer to a woman who has given birth for the first time. Whether the births were multiple(twins, triplets) is irrelevant. |
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-salpinx |
tube(usually fallopian or eustachian[auditory] tubes) |
hem/o/salpinx: blood in a fallopian tube; also called hematosalpinx hem/o: blood |
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-tocia |
childbirth, labor |
dys/tocia: difficult childbirth dys-: bad; painful; difficult |
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-version |
turning |
retro/version: tippimg or turning back (of an organ) retro-: backward, behind
Retroversion of the uterus occurs in one of every four otherwise healthy women. |
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ante- |
before, in front of |
ante/version: tipping or turning forward of an organ
-version: turning |
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dys- |
bad; painful;difficult |
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endo- |
in, within |
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multi- |
many, much |
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post- |
after |
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primi- |
first |
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gynecology |
the branch of medicine concerned with diseases of the female reproductive organs and breasts |
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obstetrics |
the branch of medicine that manages the health of a woman and her fetus during pregnancy and childbirth |
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puerperium |
period of adjustment after childbirth during which the reproductive organs of the mother return to their normal nonpregnant state.
Generally this period lasts six to eight weeks and ends with the first ovulation and the return of normal menstruation. |
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obstetrician/gynecologist |
physician who practices both obstetrics and gynecology |
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dysmenorrhea |
menstrual pain and tension |
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metrorrhagia |
irregular uterine bleeding between menstrual periods or after menopause, usually symptomatic of disease, including benign or malignant uterine tumors; consequently, early diagnosis and treatment are warranted. Metrorrhagia is considered one of the most serious menstrual disorders. |
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menorrhagia/hypermenorrhea |
profuse or prolonged bleeding during regular menstruation. |
In early life, may be caused by endocrine disturbances, while later in life it can frequently be attributed to inflammatory diseases, fibroids, tumors, or emotional disturbances. |
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premenstrual syndrome(PMS) |
disorder with signs and symptoms that range from complaints of headache and fatigue to mood changes, anxiety, depression, uncontrolled crying spells, and water retention. Signs and symptoms involving almost every organ have been attributed to PMS; syndrome occurs several days before onset of menstruation and ends when menses begins or a short time after and appears to be related to hormones. |
Simple changes in behavior such as increase in exercise and reduction in caffeine, salt, and alcohol use may be beneficial. |
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endometriosis |
presence of functional endometrial tissue in areas outside the uterus, developing into what's called implants, lesions or growths; can cause pain, infertility and other problems. The ectopic tissue is usually confined to the pelvic area but may appear anywhere in the abdominopelvic cavity. Like normal endometrial tissue, the ectopic endometrium responds to hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle. |
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pelvic inflammatory disease(PID) |
general term for inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and adjacent pelvic structures typically caused by bacterial infection. |
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vaginitis |
infection or inflammation caused by viruses, bacteria, or yeast. often accompanied by urethritis.
Two of the most common types are candidiasis and trichomoniasis. |
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moniliasis, candidiasis |
caused by cancida albicans, a yeast that may be caused to overgrow by diabetes, steroid therapy, or pregnancy, resulting in a fungal infection |
typically treated with a mycostatic(antifungal agent) |
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trichomoniasis, also called trichomonas vagnalis |
caused by the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis, is now known to be one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted lower genital tract infections. |
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breast cancer |
also called carcinoma of the breast, this cancer is the most common maligancy of women in the United States.
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Appears to be associated with ovarian hormonal function; other contributing factors include family history of the disease and possibly the use of HRT. Women who have never borne children(nulliparous) or those who have had an early onset of menstruation(menarche) or late onset of menopause are also more likely to develop breast cancer.
Highly responsive to treatment when detected early. |
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cervical cancer |
most commonly affects women between 40-49 |
infection associated with sexual activity has some relationship to the incidence of cervical cancer |
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atresia |
congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening, such as the vagina |
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choriocarcinoma |
malignant neoplasm of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy |
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dyspareunia |
occurrence of pain during sexual intercourse |
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endocervicitis |
inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri |
Endocervicitis is usually chronic, commonly due to infection, and accompanied by cervical erosion. |
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retroversion |
turning or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ, such as the uterus, being tipped from its normal position |
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uterine fibroids |
benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in the uterus; also called leimyomas, myomas, or fibroids |
Myomectomy or hysterectomy may be indicated if the fibroids grow too large, causing such symptoms as metrorrhagia, pelvic pain, and menorrhagia. |
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sterility |
inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female |
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abortion |
termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus |
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abruptio placentae |
premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor; also called placental abruption |
This condition results in uterine hemorrhage and threatens the life of the mother. It also disrupts blood flow and oxygen through the umbilical cord and threatens the life of the fetus. |
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breech presentation |
common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than the head |
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Down syndrome |
genetic condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 and occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy), which causes delays in the way a child develops mentally and physically; also called trisomy 21 |
Symptoms vary from person to person and can range from mild to severe. However children with Down syndrome have a widely recognized appearance. Down syndrome occurs in all human populations and it is statistically more common with older parents due to increased mutagenic exposures on some older parents' reproductive cells. |
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eclampsia |
most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy |
Signs of eclampsia include high blood pressure, edema, convulsions, renal dysfunction, proteinuria, and in severe cases, coma. |
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ectopic pregnancy |
pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum does not reach the uterine cavity but becomes implanted on any tissue other than the liing of the uterine cavity, such as a fallopian tube, an ovary, the abdomen, or even the cervix uteri |
Kinds of ectopic pregnancy include abdominal pregnancy, ovarian pregnancy, and tubal pregnancy. |
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placenta previa |
obstetric complication in which the placenta is attached close to or covers the cervical canal that results in bleeding during labor when the cervix dilates |
Placenta previa is a leading cause of vaginal bleeding(spotting) that may lead to other complications. It may also necessitate a cesarean delivery. |
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intrauterine device(IUD) |
small, T shaped device inserted by a physician inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy |
Two types of modern IUSs are available: a copper IUD, which releases copper particles to prevent pregnancy, and a hormonal IUD, which releases the hormone progestin to prevent pregnancy. |
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cerclage |
Suturing of the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion |
Cerclage is sometimes referred to as the purse-string procedure. THe sutures are removed before delivery. |
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cesarean section |
incision of the abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus; also called C-section |
Cesarean section is most commonly used in the event of cephalopelvic disproportion presence of sexually transmitted disease, fetal distress, and breech presentation. |
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colpocleisis |
surgical closure of the vaginal canal |
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conization |
excision of a cone-shaped piece of tissue, such as mucosa of the cervix, for histological examination |
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cordocentesis |
sampling of fetal blood drawn from the umbilical vein and performed under ultrasound guidance |
Cord blood is evaluated in the laboratory to identify hemolytic diseases or genetic abnormalities. |
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cryosurgery |
process of freezing tissue to destroy cells; also called cryocautery |
Cryosurgery is used for chronic cervical infections and erosions because offending organisms may be entrenched in cervical cells and glands. The process destroys these infected areas and, in the healing process, normal cells are replenished. |
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dilation and curettage |
Widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette |
D&C is used to obtain a sample for cytological examination of tissue, control abnormal uterine bleeding, and treat incomplete abortion. |
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hysterectomy |
excision of the uterus
subtotal: cervis, ovaries, and fallopian tubes remain
total: cervix is removed but ovaries and fallopian tubes remain; also called complete
total plus bilateral salpino-oophorectomy: total/complete including removal of uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. |
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laparoscopy |
visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus |
Laparoscopy has become a standard technique for many routine procedures, including gynecological sterilization by fulguration of the oviducts and tubal ligation. |
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lumpectomy |
excision of a small primary breast tumor(or "lump") and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it. |
In lumpectomy, lymph nodes may also be removed because they are located within the breast tissue taken during surgery. Typically, the patient will undergo radiation therapy after lumpectomy. |
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mammoplasty |
surgical reconstruction of the breast(s) to change the size, shape, or position
augmentation: insertion of a breast prosthesis(filled with silicone gel or saline) beneath the skin or beneath the pectoralis major muscle). Augmentation surgery is performed to increase breast size or replace one that has been surgically removed.
reduction: breast reduction to reduce the size of a large, pendulous breast
Breast reduction may be performed in conjunction with mastopexy, a surgery to uplift a sagging breast. |
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mastectomy |
excision of the entire breast
total: entire breast, nipple, areaola, and the involved overlying skin; also called simple mastectomy
modified radical: excision of entire breast, including lymph nodes in underarm
radical: excision of the entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast |
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reconstructive breast surgery |
creation of a breast-shaped mound to replace a breast that has been removed due to cancer or other disease(Reconstruction is commonly possible immediately following mastectomy so the patient awakes from anesthesia with a breast mound already in place) |
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tissue(skin) expansion |
common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is then replaced with a more permanent implant. |
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chlamydia
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caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, the most prevalent and one of the most damaging STIs in United states. AKA "silent disease"; symptoms absent or mild until irreparable damage to reproductive structures has occurred.
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syphilis
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more damaging than gonorrhea albeit less common; caused by infection Treponema pallidum; if left untreated, may become chronic, infectious, multisystemic disease. 3 phases: chancre(ulcerated sore), variety of symptoms, and latent phase, finally culminating in blindness, mental disorders, and eventual death
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genital herpes
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red, blisterlike, painful lesions that resemble fever blisters or cold sores. caused by HSV-1(herpes simplex virus) while cold sores are HSV-2. Both forms are highly infectious.
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genital warms(condylomata, condylomas)
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caused by HPV(human papillomavirus); may be very small and almost unnoticeable may increase risk of certain cancers. HPV-16 is a certain type of HPV and is considered "high risk" insofar as it is closely associated with cervical cancer and possibly penile cancer.
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gonorrhea
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caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae; involved mucosal surface of genitourinary tract and possibly rectum and pharynx. common symptom is pain upon urination in men and white discharge. women are typically asymptomatic, but it is difficult to get rid of unless both partners are treated consistently and at once.
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