Medical Terminology, Chapter 9

Front 1

The ___ is responsible for maintaining a stable environment for the body

Back 1

urinary system

Front 2

What are the 3 main functions of the urinary system?

Back 2

1. removes waste products
2. adjusts water and electrolyte levels
3. maintains the correct pH

Front 3

Name the 4 organs of the the urinary system.

Back 3

1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. urethra
4. urinary bladder

Front 4

azot/o

Back 4

nitrogenous waste

Front 5

bacteri/o

Back 5

bacteria

Front 6

cyst/o

Back 6

urinary bladder

Front 7

glomerul/o

Back 7

glomerulus

Front 8

glycos/o

Back 8

sugar, glucose

Front 9

keton/o

Back 9

ketones

Front 10

lith/o

Back 10

stone

Front 11

meat/o

Back 11

meatus

Front 12

nephr/o

Back 12

kidney

Front 13

noct/i

Back 13

night

Front 14

olig/o

Back 14

scanty

Front 15

pyel/o

Back 15

renal pelvis

Front 16

ren/o

Back 16

kidney

Front 17

ur/o

Back 17

urine

Front 18

ureter/o

Back 18

ureter

Front 19

urethr/o

Back 19

urethra

Front 20

urin/o

Back 20

urine

Front 21

-lith

Back 21

stone

Front 22

-lithiasis

Back 22

condition of stones

Front 23

-ptosis

Back 23

drooping

Front 24

-tripsy

Back 24

surgical crushing

Front 25

-uria

Back 25

condition of the urine

Front 26

Another name for the urinary system is ___

Back 26

the genitourinary system (GU)

Front 27

The main function of the urinary system is to filter and remove waste products from the ___, these waste materials result in the production and excretion of ___ from the body

Back 27

blood
urine

Front 28

An excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood

Back 28

uremia

Front 29

The actual filtration of wastes from the blood takes place in millions of ___, which make up each of your two ___

Back 29

nephrons
kidneys

Front 30

As urine drains from each kidney, the ___ transport it to the ___

Back 30

ureters
urinary bladder

Front 31

How much urine can our urinary bladder hold?

Back 31

about 1 quart

Front 32

When the urinary bladder empties, urine moves from the bladder down the ___ to the outside of the body

Back 32

urethra

Front 33

The 2 ___ are located in the lumbar region of the back above the waist on either side of the vertebral column

Back 33

kidneys

Front 34

The kidneys are not inside the peritoneal sac, a location referred to as ___

Back 34

retroperitoneal

Front 35

The center of the concave or indented area of the kidney is called the ___

Back 35

hilum

Front 36

The hilum is where the ___ enters and the ___ leaves the kidney

Back 36

renal artery
renal vein

Front 37

Organs (long narrow tubes) in the urinary system that transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

Back 37

ureters

Front 38

The outer portion of the kidney is called the ___, it is much like a shell for the kidney

Back 38

cortex

Front 39

The inner area of the kidney is called the ___

Back 39

medulla

Front 40

Within the medulla of the kidney are a dozen or so triangular-shaped areas called the ___

Back 40

renal pyramids

Front 41

At the tip of each renal pyramid is an area called the ___, which opens into a ___

Back 41

renal papilla
calyx

Front 42

A duct that connects the renal papilla to the renal pelvis.

Back 42

calyx

Front 43

The ureter for each kidney arises from the ___

Back 43

renal pelvis

Front 44

The functional or working unit of the kidney is the ___. There are over ___ of these microscopic structures in each human kidney

Back 44

nephron
1 million

Front 45

Each renal nephron consists of the ___ and the ___

Back 45

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

Front 46

The ___ is the blood-filtering portion of the nephron

Back 46

renal corpuscle

Front 47

The renal corpuscle has a double-walled cuplike structure called the ___ or ___ that encases a ball of capillaries called the ___

Back 47

glomerular or Bowman's capsule
glomerulus

Front 48

In the kidney, an ___ arteriole carries blood to the glomerulus, and an ___ arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus

Back 48

afferent
efferent

Front 49

What are the 4 sections of the renal tubule?

Back 49

1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. loop of henle (aka nephron loop)
3. distal convoluted tubule
4. collecting tubule

Front 50

In the kidney, an ___ arteriole carries blood to the glomerulus, and an ___ arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus

Back 50

afferent
efferent

Front 51

As urine drains out of the renal pelvis it enters the ___, which carries it down to the urinary bladder

Back 51

ureter

Front 52

___ are very narrow tubes measuring less than 1/4 inch wide and 10-12 inches long that extend from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

Back 52

Ureters

Front 53

The ___ is an elastic muscular sac that lies in the base of the pelvis just behind the pubic symphysis

Back 53

urinary bladder

Front 54

The urinary bladder is composed of 3 layers of ___ muscle tissue lined with mucous membrane containing ___ or folds that allow it to stretch

Back 54

smooth
rugae

Front 55

The bladder receives the urine directly from the ureters, stores it, and excretes it by ___ through the urethra

Back 55

urination

Front 56

Generally, an adult bladder will hold ___ mL of urine

Back 56

250 mL

Front 57

When the urinary bladder is full, involuntary muscle action causes the bladder to contract and the ___ to relax. Voluntary action controls the ___, which opens on demand to allow the intentional emptying of the bladder.

Back 57

internal sphincter
external sphincter

Front 58

The ___ is a tubular cthat carries the flow of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Back 58

urethra

Front 59

The external opening through which urine passes out of the body is called the ___

Back 59

urinary meatus

Front 60

The urethra is __ inches long in the female and __ inches long in the male

Back 60

1.5 inches (female)
8 inches (male)

Front 61

In the male, besides being an outlet for urine to leave the body, the urethra also serves as a passageway for ___ to leave the body

Back 61

semen

Front 62

The kidneys are responsible for ___ or balance in your body

Back 62

homeostasis

Front 63

In addition to water, the kidneys regulate the the level of ___

Back 63

electrolytes

Front 64

Electrolytes are small biologically important molecules, they include (name 4):

Back 64

1. sodium (Na+)
2. potassium (K+)
3. chloride (Cl-)
4. bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Front 65

What are the 4 main functions of the kidneys?

Back 65

1. homeostasis in the body
2. maintain the body's proper balance of water and chemicals
3. regulate the level of electrolytes in the body
4. maintain the correct pH range within the body

Front 66

What are the 3 stages of urine production?

Back 66

1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion

Front 67

1st stage of urine production, occurs in the renal corpuscle.

Back 67

filtration

Front 68

The pressure of blood flowing through the glomerulus forces material out of the bloodstream, through the wall of Bowman's capsule, and into the renal tubules. The fluid in the tubules is called the ___

Back 68

glomerular filtrate

Front 69

What are the 5 components of glomerular filtrate?

Back 69

1. water
2. electrolytes
3. nutrients (glucose, amino acids)
4. wastes
5. toxins

Front 70

In urine production, after filtration, the filtrate passes through the 4 sections of the tubule. As the filtrate moves through the tubules, most of the water and much of the electrolytes and nutrients are reabsorbed into the ___, which allow them to reenter the circulating blood.

Back 70

peritubular capillaries

Front 71

The final stage of urine production occurs when the special cells of the renal tubules secrete ammonia, uric acid, and other waste substances directly into the renal tubule. This stage is called ___

Back 71

secretion

Front 72

Although urine is 95% water and contains many dissolved substances such as electrolytes, toxins, and ___, the byproducts of muscle metabolism

Back 72

nitrogenous wastes

Front 73

At times, the urine contains substances that should not be there, such as ___, ___, or ___

Back 73

glucose, blood, or albumin

Front 74

A protein that is sometimes found in urine but should remain in the blood is ___

Back 74

albumin

Front 75

___ indicates the amount of dissolved substances in urine

Back 75

Specific gravity

Front 76

What is the normal pH range for urine?

Back 76

5.0 to 8.0

Front 77

bladder pain

Back 77

cystalgia

Front 78

removal of the bladder

Back 78

cystectomy

Front 79

record of the bladder

Back 79

cystogram

Front 80

pertaining to the bladder

Back 80

cystic

Front 81

bladder inflammation

Back 81

cystitis

Front 82

bladder stone

Back 82

cystolith

Front 83

create a new opening into the bladder

Back 83

cystostomy

Front 84

incision into the bladder

Back 84

cystotomy

Front 85

surgical fixation of the bladder

Back 85

cystopexy

Front 86

surgical repair of the bladder

Back 86

cystoplasty

Front 87

rapid bleeding from the bladder

Back 87

cystorrhagia

Front 88

instrument used to visually examine the bladder

Back 88

cystoscope

Front 89

surgical crushing of a stone

Back 89

lithotripsy

Front 90

incision to remove a stone

Back 90

lithotomy

Front 91

removal of a kidney

Back 91

nephrectomy

Front 92

x-ray of a kidney

Back 92

nephrogram

Front 93

kidney inflammation

Back 93

nephritis

Front 94

kidney stone

Back 94

nephrolith

Front 95

specialist in the kidney

Back 95

nephrologist

Front 96

softening of the kidney

Back 96

nephromalacia

Front 97

enlarged kidney

Back 97

nephromegaly

Front 98

kidney tumor

Back 98

nephroma

Front 99

abnormal kidney condition

Back 99

nephrosis

Front 100

drooping kidney

Back 100

nephroptosis

Front 101

create a new opening into the kidney

Back 101

nephrostomy

Front 102

incision into a kidney

Back 102

nephrotomy

Front 103

kidney disease

Back 103

nephropathy

Front 104

surgical fixation of kidney

Back 104

nephropexy

Front 105

condition of kidney stones

Back 105

nephrolithiasis

Front 106

hardening of the kidney

Back 106

nephrosclerosis

Front 107

x-ray record of the renal pelvis

Back 107

pyelogram

Front 108

renal pelvis inflammation

Back 108

pyelitis

Front 109

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

Back 109

pyeloplasty

Front 110

pertaining to the kidney

Back 110

renal

Front 111

specialist in urine

Back 111

urologist

Front 112

blood condition of urine

Back 112

uremia

Front 113

pertaining to the ureter

Back 113

ureteral

Front 114

ureter dilation

Back 114

ureterectasis

Front 115

ureter stone

Back 115

ureterolith

Front 116

narrowing of a ureter

Back 116

ureterostenosis

Front 117

pertaining to the urethra

Back 117

urethral

Front 118

urethra pain

Back 118

urethralgia

Front 119

urethra inflammation

Back 119

urethritis

Front 120

rapid bleeding from the urethra

Back 120

urethrorrhagia

Front 121

instrument to visually examine the urethra

Back 121

urethroscope

Front 122

narrowing of the urethra

Back 122

urethrostenosis

Front 123

instrument to measure urine

Back 123

urinometer

Front 124

pertaining to urine

Back 124

urinary

Front 125

condition of no urine

Back 125

anuria

Front 126

bacteria in the urine

Back 126

bacteriuria

Front 127

condition of difficult or painful urination

Back 127

dysuria

Front 128

condition of sugar in the urine

Back 128

glycosuria

Front 129

condition of blood in the urine

Back 129

hematuria

Front 130

ketones in the urine

Back 130

ketonuria

Front 131

condition of frequent nighttime urination

Back 131

nocturia

Front 132

condition of scanty amount of urine

Back 132

oligouria

Front 133

condition of too much urine

Back 133

polyuria

Front 134

protein in the urine

Back 134

proteinuria

Front 135

condition of pus in the urine

Back 135

pyuria

Front 136

Complete suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion

Back 136

anuria

Front 137

Acumulation of nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream. Ocurs when the kidney fails to filter these wastes from the blood.

Back 137

azotemia

Front 138

Stone formed within an organ by an accumulation of mineral salts. Found in the kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra.

Back 138

calculus

Front 139

Flexible tube inserted into the body for the purpose of moving fluids into or out of the body.

Back 139

catheter

Front 140

Increased formation and secretion of urine.

Back 140

diuresis

Front 141

Involuntary discharge of urine after the age by which bladder control should have been established.

Back 141

enuresis

Front 142

Greater than normal ocurrence in the urge to urinate, without an increase in the total daily volume of urine.

Back 142

frequency

Front 143

Decrease in the force of the urine stream, often with difficulty initiating the flow. It is often a symptom of a blockage along the urethra, such as an enlarged prostate gland.

Back 143

hesitancy

Front 144

Two additional terms for urination

Back 144

micturition
voiding

Front 145

Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the kidney

Back 145

nephrology

Front 146

Pain caused by a kidney stone. Can be an excruciating pain and generally requires medical treatment.

Back 146

renal colic

Front 147

Narrowing of a passageway in the urinary system.

Back 147

stricture

Front 148

Accumulation of waste products (esp. nitrogenous wastes) in the bloodstream. Associated with renal failure.

Back 148

uremia

Front 149

Feeling the need to urinate immediately.

Back 149

urgency

Front 150

Involuntary release of urine. In some patients an indwelling catheter is insterted into the bladder for continuous urine drainage.

Back 150

urinary incontinence

Front 151

Inability to fully empty the bladder, often indicates a blockage in the urethra.

Back 151

urinary retention

Front 152

Damage to the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia. Results in oliguria.

Back 152

acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Front 153

Accumulation of damage to the glomerulus capillaries due to the chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus.

Back 153

diabetes nephropathy

Front 154

Inflammation of the kidney (primarily the glomerulus). since the glomerular membrane is inflamed, it becomes more permeable and will allow protein and blood cells to enter the filtrate. Results in protein in the urine (proteinuria) and hematuria.

Back 154

glomerulonephritis

Front 155

Distention of the renal pelvis due to urine collecting in the kidney; often a result of the obstruction of a ureter.

Back 155

hydronephrosis

Front 156

Presence of calculi in the kidney. Usually begins with the solidification of salts present in the urine.

Back 156

nephrolithiasis

Front 157

Damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in the urine, proteinuria, and the corresponding decrease in protein in the bloodstream.

Back 157

nephroti syndrome (NS)

Front 158

Downward displacement of the kidney out of its normal location; commonly called a floating kidney

Back 158

nephroptosis

Front 159

formation of multiple cysts within the kidney tissue. Results in the destruction of normal kidney tissue and uremia.

Back 159

polycystic kidneys

Front 160

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney. One of the most common types of kidney disease. It may be the result of a lower urinary tract infection that moved up to the kidney by way of the ureters. There may be large quantities of white blood cells and bacteria in the urine.

Back 160

pyelonephritis

Front 161

Cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells.

Back 161

renal cell carcinoma

Front 162

Inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood resulting in uremia. May be acute or chronic. Major reason for a patient being placed on dialysis

Back 162

renal failure

Front 163

Malignant kidney tumor found most often in children.

Back 163

Wilm's tumor

Front 164

Cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria.

Back 164

bladder cancer

Front 165

Blockage of the bladder outlet. Often caused by an enlarged prostate gland in males

Back 165

bladder neck obstruction (BNO)

Front 166

Hernia or protrusion of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina.

Back 166

cystocele

Front 167

Disease of unknown cause in which there is inflammation and irritation of the bladder. Most commonly seen in middle-aged women.

Back 167

interstitial cystitis

Front 168

Loss of nervous control that leads to retention; may be caused by spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis.

Back 168

neurogenic bladder

Front 169

Infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system. Most often begins with cystitis and may ascend into the ureters and kidneys. Most common in women because of their shorter urethra.

Back 169

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Front 170

Blood test to measure kidney function by the level of nitrogenous waste (urea) that is in the blood.

Back 170

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Front 171

Urine sample obtained after cleaning off the urinary opening and catching or collecting a urine sample in midstream to minimize contamination from the genitalia.

Back 171

clean catch specimen (CC)

Front 172

Test of kidney function. Creatinine is a waste product cleared from the bloodstream by the kidneys. For this test, urine is collected for 24 hours, and the amount of creatinine in the urine is compared to the amount of creatinine that remains in the bloodstream.

Back 172

creatinine clearance

Front 173

Laboratory test that consists of the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine.

Back 173

urinalysis

Front 174

Laboratory test of urine for bacterial infection. Attempt to grow bacteria on a culture medium in order to identify it and determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to.

Back 174

urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Front 175

Process of instilling a contrast material or dye into the bladder by catheter to visualize the urinary bladder on x-ray.

Back 175

cystography

Front 176

Injecting dye into the bloodstream and then taking an x-ray to trace the action of the kidney as it excretes the dye.

Back 176

excretory urography

Front 177

Injecting a contrast medium into a vein and then taking an x-ray to visualize the renal pelvis.

Back 177

intravenous pyelogram

Front 178

X-ray taken to the abdomen demonstrating the kidneys, ureters, and bladder without using any contrast dye. Aka a flat-plate abdomen.

Back 178

kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)

Front 179

Diagnostic x-ray in which dye is inserted through the urethra to outline the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis.

Back 179

retrograde pyelogram

Front 180

X-ray taken to visualize the urethra while the patient is voiding after a contrast dye has been placed in the bladder.

Back 180

voiding cystourethrography

Front 181

Visual examination of the urinary bladder using an instrument called a cystoscope.

Back 181

cystoscopy

Front 182

Insertion of a tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for the purpose of withdrawing urine or inserting dye.

Back 182

catheterization

Front 183

Use of ultrasound waves to break up stones. Process does not require invasive surgery.

Back 183

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

Front 184

Use of an artificial kidney machine that filters the blood of a person to remove waste products.

Back 184

hemodialysis

Front 185

Removal of toxic waste substances from the body by placing warm chemically balanced solutions into the peritoneal cavity. Wastes are filtered out of the blood across the peritoneum. Used in treating renal failure and certain poisonings.

Back 185

peritoneal dialysis

Front 186

Destroying or crushing stones in the bladder or urethra

Back 186

lithotripsy

Front 187

Incision into the meatus in order to enlarge the opening of the urethra.

Back 187

meatotomy

Front 188

Surgical incision to directly remove stones from the kidney.

Back 188

nephrolithotomy

Front 189

Surgical placement of a donor kidney.

Back 189

renal transplant

Front 190

Used to treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract

Back 190

antibiotic

Front 191

Medication to prevent or reduce bladder muscle spasms.

Back 191

antispasmodic

Front 192

Medication that increases the volume of urine produced by the kidneys. Useful in the treatment of edema, kidney failure, heart failure, and hypertension.

Back 192

diuretic