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246 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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an/o
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anus
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append/o
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appendix
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appendic/o
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appendix
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bar/o
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weight
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bucc/o
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cheek
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cec/o
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cecum
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chol/e
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bile, gall
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cholangi/o
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bile duct
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cholecyst/o
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gallbladder
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choledoch/o
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common bile duct
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col/o
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colon
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colon/o
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colon
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dent/o
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tooth
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duoden/o
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duodenum
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enter/o
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small intestine
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esophag/o
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esophagus
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gastr/o
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stomach
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gingiv/o
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gums
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gloss/o
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tongue
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hepat/o
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liver
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ile/o
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ileum
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jejun/o
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jejunum
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labi/o
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lip
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lapar/o
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abdomen
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lingu/o
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tongue
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lith/o
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stone
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odont/o
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tooth
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or/o
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mouth
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palat/o
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palate
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pharyng/o
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throat, pharynx
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proct/o
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anus and rectum
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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rect/o
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rectum
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pylor/o
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pylorus
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sialaden/o
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salivary gland
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sigmoid/o
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sigmoid colon
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-emesis
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vomit
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-lithiasis
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condition of stones
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-orexia
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appetite
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-pepsia
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digestion
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-phagia
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eat, swallow
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-prandial
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pertaining to a meal
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-tripsy
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surgical crushing
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What are the 10 organs of the digestive system?
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oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas
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Another name for the digestive system
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gastrointestinal system
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The GI or digestive system includes approx. ___ ft of continuous muscular tube, called the ___, ___, or ___ that stretches between the mouth and the anus
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30ft
gut, alimentary canal, or gastrointestinal tract |
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What are the 6 main organs of the digestive system?
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oral cavity
pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine colon |
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The ___ of digestion are organs that participate in the digestion process, but are not part of the continuous alimentary canal.
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acccessory organs
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What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system?
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liver
pancreas gallbladder salivary glands |
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What are the 3 main functions of the digestive system?
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1. digesting food
2. absorbing nutrients 3. eliminating waste |
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Name the parts of the oral cavity (9)
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lips, cheeks, gums, saliva, uvula, teeth, taste buds, tongue, palate
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What are the 2 types of cutting teeth?
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incisors
cuspids/canines |
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What are the 2 types of posterior grinding teeth?
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bicuspids/premolars
molars |
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The ___ is the part of the tooth visible above the gumline and the ___ is below the gumline
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crown
root |
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The root of the tooth is anchored in the bony socket of the jaw by ___ and tiny ___
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cementum
peridontal ligaments |
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The crown of the tooth is covered by a layer of ___, the hardest substance in the body. Under this layer is a layer of ___, the substance that makes up the main bulk of the tooth
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enamel
dentin |
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The hollow interior of a tooth is called the ___ in the crown and the ___ in the root
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pulp cavity
root canal |
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The first set of teeth are referred to as ___, and the 2nd set are called ___
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deciduous teeth
permanent teeth |
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When food is swallowed, it enters the ___ and then the ___
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oropharynx
laryngopharynx |
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The ___ is a cartilaginous flap that folds down to cover the larynx and trachea so that food is prevented from entering the respiratory tract and instead continues into the esophagus
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epiglottis
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The ___ is a muscular tube about 10 inches long, food entering it is carried through the thoracic cavity and diaphragm and into the abdominal cavity where it enters the stomach
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esophagus
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Food is propelled along the esophagus by wavelike muscular contractions called ___
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peristalsis
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What are the 3 parts of the stomach?
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fundus
body antrum |
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The folds in the lining of the stomach are called ___
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rugae
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In the stomach, food mixes with HCl and other gastric juices to form a liquid mixture called ___
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chyme
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Entry into and exit from the stomach is controlled by muscular valves called ___
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sphincters
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What are the 2 sphincters found in the stomach?
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1. cardiac sphincter or lower esophageal sphincter
2. pyloric sphincter |
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The ___ is the major site of digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. It is located between the ___ and the ___
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small intestine
pyloric sphincter colon |
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What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
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duodenum
jejunum ileum |
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The ileum connects to the colon with a sphincter called the ___
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ileocecal valve
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The ___ is a pouch or saclike area in the first 2-3 inches of the colon (lg. intestine).
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cecum
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The ___ is a small worm-shaped outgrowth at the end of the cecum
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veriform appendix
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Other than the cecum and the veriform appendix, what are the remaining 4 parts of the colon?
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1. ascending colon
2. transverse colon 3. descending colon 4. sigmoid colon |
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Saliva mixed with food in the mouth forms a ___, chewed food that is ready to swallow
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bolus
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What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
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1. parotid glands
2. submandibular glands 3. sublingual glands |
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What are the 3 main functions of the liver?
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1. processing nutrients absorbed by the intestines
2. detoxifying harmful substances in the body 3. producing bile |
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___ is important for the digestion of fats and lipids because it breaks up large fat globules into much smaller droplets, making them easier to digest in the watery environment inside the intestines. The process is called ___
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bile
emulsification |
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Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the ___
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gallbladder
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As the liver produces bile, it travels down the ___ and up the ___ into the gallbladder
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hepatic duct
cystic duct |
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In response to the presence of fat in the chyme, the muscular wall of the gallbladder contracts and send bile back down the ___ and into the ___, which carries bile to the ___ where it is able to emulsify the fat in chyme
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cystic duct
common bile duct duodenum |
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The pancreas are connected to the ___ by the ___
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duodenum
pancreatic duct |
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The 2 important secretions of the pancreas for digestion are ___ and ___
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buffers
pancreatic enzymes |
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Removal of the appendix
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appendectomy
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Inflammation of the appendix
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appendicitis
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Pertaining to cheeks
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buccal
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Pertaining to cheeks and lips
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buccolabial
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Removal of the gallbladder
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cholecystectomy
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Record of the gallbladder
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cholecystogram
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Pertaining to the gallbladder
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cholecystic
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gallbladder pain
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cholecystalgia
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removal of the colon
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colectomy
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create an opening in the colon
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colostomy
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pertaining to the colon and rectum
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colorectal
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instrument to view colon
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colonoscope
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pertaining to the colon
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colonic
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pertaining to teeth
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dental
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tooth pain
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dentalgia
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pertaining to the duodenum
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duodenal
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pertaining to the small intestine
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enteric
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small intestine inflammation
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enteritis
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pertaining to the esophagus
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esophageal
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dilated esophagus
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esophagectasis
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stomach pain
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gastralgia
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pertaining to the stomach
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gastric
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inflammation of stomach and small intestine
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gastroenteritis
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softening of the stomach
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gastromalacia
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pertaining to the nose and stomach
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nasogastric
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create an opening in the stomach
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gastrostomy
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instrument to view inside the stomach
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gastroscope
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stomach inflammation
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gastritis
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removal of the stomach
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gastrectomy
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pertaining to the gums
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gingival
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pertaining to the tongue
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glossal
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pertaining to under the tongue
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hypoglossal
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inflammation of the liver
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hepatitis
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liver tumor
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hepatoma
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pertaining to the liver
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hepatic
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pertaining to the ileum
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ileal
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create an opening in the ileum
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ileostomy
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pertaining to the jejunum
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jejunal
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incision into the abdomen
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laparotomy
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instrument to view inside the abdomen
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laparoscope
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pertaining to under the tongue
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sublingual
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pertaining to straight teeth
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orthodontic
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pertaining to around the teeth
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periodontic
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pertaining to the mouth
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oral
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surgical repair of the palate
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palatoplasty
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inflammation of the pancreas
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pancreatitis
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pertaining to the pancreas
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pancreatic
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pertaining to the throat
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pharyngeal
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paralysis of the throat
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pharyngoplegia
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surgical repair of the throat
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pharyngoplasty
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drooping rectum and anus
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proctoptosis
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specialist in the rectum and anus
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proctologist
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surgical fixation of the rectum and anus
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proctopexy
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pertaining to the pylorus
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pyloric
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pertaining to the rectum
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rectal
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inflammation of a salivary gland
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sialadenitis
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instrument to view inside the sigmoid colon
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sigmoidoscope
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pertaining to the sigmoid colon
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sigmoidal
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vomiting blood
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hematemesis
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excessive vomiting
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hyperemesis
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absence of an appetite
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anorexia
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abnormal appetite
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dysorexia
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slow digestion
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bradypepsia
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unable to swallow/eat
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aphagia
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difficulty swallowing/eating
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dysphagia
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many (excessive) eating
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polyphagia
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after a meal
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postprandial
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A general term meaning loss of appetite that may accompany other conditons.
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anorexia
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Collection or accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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ascites
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Inability to control defacation
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bowel incontinence
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Dental appliance that is attached to adjacent teeth for support to replace missing teeth
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bridge
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Loss of weight and generalized wasting that occurs during a chronic disease
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cachexia
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Experiencing difficulty in defecation or infrequent defecation
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constipation
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Artificial covering for the tooth created to replace the original crown
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crown
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Gradual decay and disintegration of teeth caused by bacteria; may lead to abscessed teeth.
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dental caries
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Branch of healthcare involved with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions involving the teeth, jaw, and mouth
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dentistry
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partial or complete set of artificial teeth that are set in plastic materials. Acts as a substitue for the natural teeth and related structures
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denture
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Passing of frequent, watery bowel movements. Usually accompanies gastrointestinal disorders
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diarrhea
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vomiting
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emesis
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Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the digestive system
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gastroenterology
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Passing bright red blood in the stools
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hematochezia
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Prosthetic device placed in the jaw to which a tooth or denture may be anchored
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implant
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Branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of internal organs such as the digestive system
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internal medicine
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Yellow cast to the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes caused by the deposit of bile pigment from too much bilirubin in the blood. May be a symptom of a disorder such as gallstones blocking the common bile duct or carcinoma of the liver
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jaundice
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Passage of dark tarry stools. Color is the result of digestive enzymes working on blood in the GI tract
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melena
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The urge to vomit
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nausea
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Body weight that is above a healthy level.
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obesity
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Branch of dentistry concerned with correction of problems with tooth alignment
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orthodontics
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Branch of dentistry concerned with treating conditions involving the gums and tissues surrounding the teeth
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periodontics
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Small tumor with a pedicle or stem attachment. Commonly found on mucous membranes such as those lining the colon or nasal cavity.
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polyps
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Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the anus and rectum
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proctology
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Pain and burning sensation usually caused by stomach acid splashing up into the esophagus. Commonly called heartburn
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pyrosis
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Return of fluids and solids from the stomach into the mouth
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regurgitation
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Painful ulcers in the mouth of unknown cause. Commonly called canker sores
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aphthous ulcers
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Congenital anomaly in which the upper lip and jaw bone fail to fuse in the midline leaving an open gap.
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cleft lip
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Congenital anomaly in which the roof of the mouth has a split or fissure
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cleft palate
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Infection of the lip by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Also called fever blisters or cold sores
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herpes labialis
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Disease of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bones; the most common cause of tooth loss
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periodontal disease
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Enlarged and swollen varicose veins in the lower end of the esophagus. If these rupture, serious hemorrhage results; often related to liver disease
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esophageal varices
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Acid from the stomach flows backward up into the esophagus causing inflammation and pain
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gastroesophageal reflux
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Cancerous tumor in the stomach
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gastric carcinoma
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Protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm and extending into the thoracic cavity; gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common symptom
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hiatal hernia
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Ulcer occurring in the lower portion of the esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; thought to be caused by the acid of gastric juices
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peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
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Abnormal tubelike passage from the surface around the anal opening directly into the rectum
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anal fistula
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Cancerous tumor along the length of the colon and rectum
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colorectal carcinoma
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Form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting primarily the ileum and/or colon.
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Crohn's disease
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Inflammation of a diverticulum (an outpouching of the gut) esp. in the colon. Inflammation often results when food becomes trapped within the pouch
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diverticulitis
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Condition of having diverticula (outpouches of the gut). May lead to diverticulitis if one becomes inflamed
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diverticulosis
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Disease characterized by diarrhea, often with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, fever, and dehydration. Caused by ingesting food or water contaminated by chemicals, bacteria, protozoans, or parasites
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dysentery
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Varicose veins of the rectum
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hemorrhoids
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hernia or protrusion of a loop of small intestines into the inguinal (groin) region through a weak spot in the abdominal muscle wall that develops into a hold. May become incarcerated or strangulated if the muscle tightens down around the loop the loop of intestines and cuts off it's blood flow
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inguinal hernia
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Result of the intestine slipping or telescoping into another section of intestine just below it. More common in children
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intussusception
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Disturbance in the functions of the intestine from unknown causes. Symptoms generally include abdominal discomfort and an alteration in bowel activity
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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
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Small tumors that contain a pedicle or stemlike attachment in the mucous membranes of the large intestine (colon); may be precanerous
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polyposis
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Chronic inflammatory condition that produces numerous ulcers to form on the mucous membrane lining of the colon/ the cause is unknown. Aka inflammatory bowel disease
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ulcerative colitis
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Condition in which the bowel twists upon itself and causes an obstruction. Painful and requires immediate surgery
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volvulus
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Inflammation of the gallbladder; most commonly caused by gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct that block the flow of bile
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cholecystitis
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Presence of gallstones; may or may not cause symptoms such as cholecystalgia
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cholelithiasis
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Chronic disease of the liver associated with failure of the liver to function properly
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cirrhosis
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Inflammation of the liver, usually due to a viral infection. Different viruses are transmitted by different routes, such as sexual contact or from exposure to blood or fecally contaminated water or food
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hepatitis
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Enzyme normally present in the blood. Blood levels are increased in persons with liver disease
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alanine transaminase (ALT)
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Enzyme normally present in the blood. Blood levels are increased in persons with liver disease
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aspartate transaminase (AST)
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Laboratory test on the feces to determine if microscopic amounts of blood are present. Aka hemoccult or stool guaiac
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fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
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Laboratory examination of feces with a microscope for the presence of parasites or their eggs
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ova and parasites (O&P)
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Blood test to determine the amount of the waste product bilirubin in the bloodstream. Elevated levels indicate liver disease
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serum bilirubin
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Laboratory test of feces to determine if any pathogenic bacteria are present
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stool culture
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X-ray taken with a part of the film holder held between the teeth and parallel to the teeth
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bite-wing X-ray
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Dye is administered intravenously to the patient, which allows for x-ray visualization of the gallbladder and bile ducts
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intravenous cholecystography
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X-ray image of the colon and rectum is taken after the administration of barium by enema. Aka a barium enema
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lower gastrointestinal series (lower GI series)
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Procedure in which contrast medium is injected directly into the liver to visualize the bile ducts. Used to detect obstructions
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percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
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Administering of a barium contrast material orally and then taking an x-ray to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Aka a barium swallow
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upper gastrointestinal series (UGI)
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Flexible feberscope called a colonoscope is passed through the anus, rectum, and colon; used to examine the upper portion of the colon. Polyps and small growths can be removed during this procedure
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colonoscopy
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Procedure using and endoscope to visually examine the hepatic duct, common bile duct, and pancreatic duct.
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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Use of a flexible fiberoptic endoscope to visually examine the esophagus, stomach and beginning of the duodenum
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esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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Procedure in which flexible gastroscope is passed through the mouth and down the esophagus in order to visualize inside the stomach. Used to diagnose peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma
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gastroscopy
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Laparoscope is passed into the abdominal wall through a small incision. The abdominal cavity is then visually examined for tumors and other conditions with this lighted instrument. Aka peritoneoscopy
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laparoscopy
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Procedure using a flexible sigmoidoscope to visually examine the sigmoid colon. Commonly done to diagnose cancer and polyps
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sigmoidoscopy
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Insertion of a needle into the abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid. Tests to diagnose diseases may be conducted on the fluid.
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paracentesis
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Removing or pulling of teeth
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extraction
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Dental treatment involving the pulp cavity of the root of a tooth. Procedure is used to save a tooth that is badly infected or abscessed.
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root canal
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Using a nasogastric (NG) tube to place liquid nourishment directly into the stomach
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gavage
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Using a nasogastric (NG) tube to wash out the stomach. for example, after ingestion of dangerous substances.
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lavage
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Flexible catheter is inserted into the nose and down the esophagus to the stomach. May be used for feeding or to suction out stomach fluids
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nasogastric intubation (NG tube)
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Providing 100% of a patient's nutrition intravenously. Used when a patient is unable to eat.
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total parenternal nutrition (TPN)
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To surgically create a connection between two organs or vessels. For example, joining together two cut ends of the intestines after a section is removed.
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anastomosis
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A group of surgical procedures such as stomach stapling and restrictive banding to reduce the size of the stomach. A treatment for morbid obesity.
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bariatric surgery
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Crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct
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choledocholithotripsy
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Surgical creation of an opening of some portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside surface. Fecal material drains into a bag worn on the abdomen
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colostomy
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Surgical removal of a diverticulum
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diverticulectomy
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Abdominal operation for the purpose of examining the abdominal organs and tissues for signs of disease or other abnormalities
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exploratory laparotomy
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Removal of a fistula
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fistulectomy
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Procedure that closes off a large section of the stomach with rows of staples. Results in a much smaller stomach to assist very obese patients to lose weight
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gastric stapling
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surgical removal of hemorrhoids from the anorectal area
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hemorrhoidectomy
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Surgical repair of a hernia. Aka herniorrhaphy
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hernioplasty
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Surgical removal of the gallbladder through a very small abdominal incision with the assistance of a laparoscope
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laparoscopic cholecystectomy
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Transplant of a liver from a donor
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liver transplant
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Treats obesity by suppressing appetite
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anorexiant
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Used to neutralize stomach acids
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antacid
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Used to control diarrhea
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antidiarrheal
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Treats nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness.
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antiemetic
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Induces vomiting
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emetic
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Used to treat peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. When stimulated, H2 receptors increase the production of stomach acid.
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H2 receptor antagonist
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Treats constipation by stimulating a bowel movement
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laxative
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Used to treat peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Blocks the stomach's ability to secrete acid.
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proton pump inhibitors
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