Medical Terminology - Chapter 6

Front 1

bilirubin

Back 1

Orange-colored or yellowish pigment in bile.

Hint 1

Is formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in RBC after termination of their normal lifespan.

Front 2

bolus

Back 2

Mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed.

Front 3

exocrine

Back 3

Denotes a gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel.

Front 4

sphincter

Back 4

Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body.

Hint 4

Example is the lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter that constricts once food has passed into the stomach.

Front 5

or/o

Back 5

mouth

Hint 5

oral - pertaining to the mouth

Front 6

stomat/o

Back 6

mouth

Hint 6

stomatitis - inflammation of the mouth

Front 7

gloss/o

Back 7

tongue

Hint 7

glossectomy - removal of all or part of the tongue

Front 8

lingu/o

Back 8

tongue

Hint 8

lingual - pertaining to the tongue

Front 9

bucc/o

Back 9

cheek

Hint 9

buccal - pertaining to the cheek

Front 10

cheil/o

Back 10

lip

Hint 10

cheiloplasty - surgical repair of a defective lip

Front 11

labi/o

Back 11

labial - pertaining to the lips, particularly of the mouth

Front 12

dent/o

Back 12

teeth

Hint 12

dentist - specialist who diagnosis and treats diseases and disorders of the teeth

Front 13

odont/o

Back 13

teeth

Hint 13

orthodontist - dentist who specializes in correcting and preventing irregularities of abnormally positioned to aligned teeth

Front 14

gingiv/o

Back 14

gums

Hint 14

gingivectomy - excision of diseased gingival tissue

Front 15

esophag/o

Back 15

esophagus

Hint 15

esophagoscope - instrument used to examine the esophagus.

Front 16

pharyng/o

Back 16

pharynx (throat)

Hint 16

phayngotonsillitis - inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils.

Front 17

gastr/o

Back 17

stomach

Hint 17

gastralgia - pain in the stomach; also called a stomach ache.

Front 18

pylor/o

Back 18

pylorus

Hint 18

pylorospasm - involuntary contraction of the pyloric sphincter of the stomach, as in pyloric stenosis.

Front 19

duoden/o

Back 19

duodenum (first part of the small intestine)

Hint 19

duodenoscopy - visual examination of the duodenum.

Front 20

enter/o

Back 20

intestine (usually the small intestine)

Hint 20

enteropathy - disease of the intestine.

Front 21

jejun/o

Back 21

jéjunum (second part of the small intestine)

Hint 21

jejunorrhaphy - suture of the jejunum

Front 22

ile/o

Back 22

ileum (third part of the small intestine)

Hint 22

ileostomy - creation of an opening between the ileum and abdominal wall.

Front 23

append/o

Back 23

appendix

Hint 23

appendectomy - excision of the appendix. Appendectomy is performed to remove a diseased appendix in danger of rupturing.

Front 24

appendic/o

Back 24

appendix

Hint 24

appendicitis - inflammation of the appendix.

Front 25

col/o

Back 25

colon

Hint 25

colostomy - creation of an opening between the colon and the abdominal wall. Creates a place for fecal matter to exit the body other than through the anus.

Front 26

colon/o

Back 26

colon

Hint 26

colonoscopy - visual examination of the colon.

Front 27

sigmoid/o

Back 27

sigmoid colon

Hint 27

sigmoidotomy - incision of the sigmoid colon.

Front 28

rect/o

Back 28

rectum

Hint 28

rectocele - herniation or protrusion of the rectum.

Front 29

proct/o

Back 29

anus, rectum

Hint 29

proctologist - physician who specializes in the treatment of disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus.

Front 30

an/o

Back 30

anus

Hint 30

perianal - pertaining to around the anus.

Front 31

hepat/o

Back 31

liver

Hint 31

hepatomegaly - enlargement of the liver.

Front 32

pancreat/0

Back 32

pancreas

Hint 32

pancreatolysis - destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes.

Front 33

cholangi/o

Back 33

bile vessel

Hint 33

cholangiole - small terminal portion of the bile duct.

Front 34

chol/e

Back 34

bile, gall

Hint 34

cholelith - gallstones. Gallstones are solid masses composed of bile and cholesterol that form in the gallbladder and the common bile duct.

Front 35

cholecyst/o

Back 35

gallbladder

Hint 35

cholecystectomy - Removal of the gallbladder.

Front 36

choledoch/o

Back 36

bile duct

Hint 36

choledochoplasty - surgical repair of the common bile duct.

Front 37

-emesis

Back 37

vomit

Hint 37

hyperemesis - excessive vomiting.

Front 38

-iasis

Back 38

abnormal condition (produced by something specific)

Hint 38

cholelithiasis - presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct.

Front 39

-megaly

Back 39

enlargement

Hint 39

hepatomegaly - enlargement of the liver. May be caused by hepatitis or infection, fatty infiltration as in alcoholism, biliary obstruction, or malignancy.

Front 40

-orexia

Back 40

appetite

Hint 40

anorexia - loss of appetite. Can result from various conditions such as adverse effects to drugs of psychological causes.

Front 41

-pepsia

Back 41

digestion

Hint 41

dyspepsia - epigastric discomfort felt after eating. Also called indigestion.

Front 42

-phagia

Back 42

swallowing, eating

Hint 42

aerophagia - swallowing air

Front 43

-prandial

Back 43

meal

Hint 43

postprandial - following a meal.

Front 44

-rrhea

Back 44

discharge, flow

Hint 44

steatorrhea - excessive amount of fat discharged in fecal matter.

Front 45

peri-

Back 45

around

Hint 45

perisigmoiditis - inflammation around the sigmoid colon

Front 46

sub-

Back 46

under, below

Hint 46

sublingual - pertaining to the area under the tongue.

Front 47

anorexia

Back 47

Lack or loss of appetite resulting in the inability to eat.

Hint 47

Should not be confused with anorexia nervosa, which is a complex psychogenic easting disorder characterized by an all-consuming desire to remain thin.

Front 48

appendicitis

Back 48

Inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection.

Hint 48

If left alone, rapidly leads to perforation and peritonitis. Delayed treatment results in the rupture of the appendix and fecal matter is released into the peritoneal cavity.

Front 49

ascites

Back 49

Abnormal accumulation of fluid int he abdomen.

Hint 49

Most commonly associated with cirrhosis of the liver, especially when caused by alcoholism. Failure of the liver to produce albumin, combined with portal hypertension forces fluid to pass from the circulatory system and accumulate in the peritoneum.

Front 50

borborygmus

Back 50

Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine.

Front 51

cachexia

Back 51

Physical wasting the includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer.

Front 52

cholelithiasis

Back 52

Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct.

Hint 52

May or may not produce symptoms.

Front 53

cirrhosis

Back 53

Scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease.

Hint 53

Most commonly associated with chronic alcoholism. May also bee caused by toxins, infectious agents, metabolic disease, and circulatory disease.
When functional hepatic cells are replaced with non-functioning fibrous tissue that impairs the flow of blood and lymph within the liver resulting in hepatic inefficiency.

Front 54

colic

Back 54

Spasm in an hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon.

Front 55

Crohn disease

Back 55

Chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract.

Hint 55

Distinguished from other bowel disorders by its inflammatory pattern. It may cause fever, cramping, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Front 56

deglutition

Back 56

The act of swallowing

Front 57

dysentery

Back 57

Inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, which results in bloody diarrhea.

Hint 57

Is common in underdeveloped countries and in times of disaster when living conditions, clean food, and safe water are not available.

Front 58

dyspepsia

Back 58

Epigastric discomfort felt after eating. Also called indigestion.

Front 59

dysphagia

Back 59

Inability or difficulty in swollowing.

Hint 59

Also called aphagia.

Front 60

eructation

Back 60

Producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound. Usually called belching.

Front 61

fecalith

Back 61

Fecal concretion

Front 62

flatus

Back 62

Gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus.

Front 63

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 63

Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to the malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus.

Hint 63

May occur whenever pressure in the stomach is great than that in the esophagus and may be associated with heartburn, hiatal hernia, or chest pain.

Front 64

halitosis

Back 64

Offensive or bad breath

Front 65

hematemesis

Back 65

Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus.

Hint 65

Can be caused by an esophageal ulcer, esophageal varicose, or a gastric ulcer.

Front 66

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Back 66

Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause can be determined.

Front 67

malabsorption syndrome

Back 67

Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, mineral, or fluids through the intestinal villi into the blood or lymph.

Hint 67

May be due to a number of diseases as well as surgery such as gastric resection and ileal bypass.

Front 68

melena

Back 68

Passage of dark-colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices.

Front 69

obesity

Back 69

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards. Usually and increase of 20 percent or more above the ideal body weight.

Hint 69

May be due to excessive intake of food, or metabolic or endocrine abnormalities.

Front 70

morbid obesity

Back 70

BMI of 40 or more. Generally 100 pounds over ideal body weight.

Front 71

obstipation

Back 71

Severe constipation

Hint 71

May be caused by an intestinal obstruction.

Front 72

oral leukoplakia

Back 72

Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused by irritation.

Hint 72

A precancerous condition usually associated with pipe or cigarette smoking or ill-fitting dentures.

Front 73

peristalsis

Back 73

Progressive, wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body, especially the GI tract.

Front 74

regurgitation

Back 74

Backward flowing of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach.

Front 75

steatorrhea

Back 75

Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest or absorb it.

Hint 75

May occur in malabsorption syndrome of pancreatic disease when pancreatic enzymes are not sufficient.

Front 76

pyloric stenosis

Back 76

Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine.

Hint 76

Treatment requires cutting the muscle fibers at the outlet, without severing the mucosa, to widen the opening.

Front 77

upper GI endoscopy

Back 77

Endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

Hint 77

I performed to identify tumors, esophagitis, varices, peptic ulcers, and sources of upper GI bleeding. Also used to confirm varices in the lower esophagus and stomach in patients with liver disease.

Front 78

lower GI endoscopy

Back 78

Endoscopy of the colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Hint 78

Used to identify pathological conditions of the colon. May also be used to remove polyps*. When present, polyps are retrieved and tested for cancer.

Front 79

hepatitis panel

Back 79

Panel of blood tests that identify the specific virus - HEP A, HEP B, or HEP C - causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens.

Front 80

liver function tests (LFTs)

Back 80

Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract.

Hint 80

LFTs evaluate liver enzymes, bilirubin, and proteins produced by the liver.

Front 81

serum bilirubin

Back 81

Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood.

Hint 81

Elevated serum bilirubin indicates excessive destruction of erythrocytes, liver disease, or biliary tract obstruction. Excessive bilirubin causes yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes, a condition called jaundice.

Front 82

stool culture

Back 82

Test to identify microorganism or parasites present in feces.

Front 83

stool guaiac

Back 83

Applying a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult blood in the feces.

Hint 83

Help detect blood in the feces not apparent on visual examination. It also helps detect colon cancer and bleeding associated with digestive disorders.

Front 84

barium enema

Back 84

Radiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema administration of barium sulfate in the rectum. Also called a Lower GI Series.

Hint 84

Used for diagnosing obstructions, tumors, or other abnormalities of the colon.

Front 85

barium swallow

Back 85

Radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium sulfate. Also called an Upper GI Series.

Hint 85

Used to diagnose structural defects as well as swallowed objects.

Front 86

cholecystography

Back 86

Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet.

Hint 86

The test evaluates gallbladder function and identifies the presence of disease or gallstones.

Front 87

computed tomography (CT)

Back 87

In the digestive system, CT scans are used to view the gallbladder, bowel, liver, bile ducts, and pancreas. Able to diagnose tumors, cysts, inflammation, abscesses, perforation, bleeding and obstructions.

Front 88

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Back 88

Endoscopic procedure that provides radiographic visualization of the bile and pancreatic ducts to identify partial or total obstructions, as well as stones, cysts, and tumors.

Hint 88

A flexible fiberoptic duodenoscope is placed into the bile duct where a radiopaque substance is instilled into the duct and x-ray films are taken.

Front 89

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTCP)

Back 89

Radiographic examination of bile duct structures.

Hint 89

Contrast medium is injected through a needle passed through the skin and through the liver, directly into the hepatic duct. The bile duct can be viewed for obstructions, variations, and cysts.

Front 90

sialography

Back 90

Radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts.

Hint 90

May be performed with or with our a contrast medium.

Front 91

ultrasound/ultrasonography

Back 91

In the digestive system, used to detect deformities and diseases in the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas. It may also be used to detect abdominal masses outside of the digestive organs.

Front 92

abdominal ultrasound

Back 92

Ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

Hint 92

Used to diagnose and locate cysts, tumors, and malformations as well as document the progression of various diseases and guide the insertion of instruments during surgical procedures.

Front 93

liver biopsy

Back 93

Use of a large-bore needle to removes a core of liver tissue for histological examination.

Front 94

nasogastric intubation

Back 94

Procedure that involves insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose and into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or secretion.

Hint 94

Also used to instill medication, food, fluid or to obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis.

Front 95

ileorectal anastomosis

Back 95

Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colotomy, as sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Front 96

intestinal anastomosis

Back 96

Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines.

Front 97

vertical band gastroplasty

Back 97

Upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch. A band is then inserted that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness.

Front 98

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)

Back 98

Stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch. Next the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration.

Hint 98

This decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats.

Front 99

colostomy

Back 99

Creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag,

Front 100

lithotripsy

Back 100

Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves.

Front 101

polypectomy

Back 101

Excision of a polyp.

Hint 101

Polyp - Abnormal projection of tissue projecting from the mucous membrane.

Front 102

plyoromyotomy

Back 102

Incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus; used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Front 103

Ba

Back 103

barium

Front 104

BE

Back 104

barium enema

Front 105

BM

Back 105

bowel movement

Front 106

BMI

Back 106

body mass index

Front 107

CF

Back 107

cystic fibrosis

Front 108

GB

Back 108

gallbladder

Front 109

ERCP

Back 109

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Front 110

GBS

Back 110

gallbladder series

Front 111

GER

Back 111

gastroesophageal reflux

Front 112

GERD

Back 112

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Front 113

GI

Back 113

gastrointestinal

Front 114

HAV

Back 114

hepatitis A virus

Front 115

HBV

Back 115

hepatitis B virus

Front 116

IBS

Back 116

irritable bowel syndrome

Front 117

PE

Back 117

physical examination; pulmonary embolism

Front 118

R/O

Back 118

rule out

Front 119

PMH

Back 119

past medical history

Front 120

stat

Back 120

immediately

Front 121

PTHC

Back 121

percutaneous transhepatic cholangeography

Front 122

a.c.

Back 122

before meals