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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomic Reference System
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used to describe the location and function of body parts.
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Anatomy
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the study of the structures of the body.
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Physiology
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the study of the functions of these structures (anatomy).
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Anatomic Position
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-Standing up so that the body is erect
-Facing forward -Holding the arms at the sides -Hands and palms toward the front |
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Vertical Planes
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any up-and-down line that is a right angle (perpendicular) to the horizon
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Sagittal Plane
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any vertical plane that divides the whole body into unequal left and right portions.
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Midsagittal Plane/Midline
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sagittal plane that dives the body from top to bottom, equal left and right halves.
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Coronal Plane/Frontal Plane
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divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
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Coron
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head or crown.
(word root) |
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-al
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pertaining to
(suffix) |
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Horizontal Plane
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flat crosswise line like the horizon. (Same as Transverse Plane)
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Transverse Plane
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the horizontal plane that dives the whole body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
-can be at the waist level or any other level across the body. |
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Body Cavity
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space within the body that contains and protects the internal organs.
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Dorsal Cavity
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cavities located behind the skull within the spinal column (divided to 2 parts: Cranial and Spinal Cavity).
-Protects the structure of Nervous System. |
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Cranial Cavity
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located within the scull, protects the brain.
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Spinal Cavity
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located within the spinal column, protects the spinal cord.
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Ventral Cavity
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Located in front of the body that consists of 3 parts (Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity).
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Homeostasis
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located in body organs of ventral cavity, maintains constant internal environment.
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Home/o
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constant
(word root) |
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-stasis
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control
(suffix) |
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Thoracic cavity/ Chest cavity/ Thorax
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protects the heart and lungs.
(one part of the ventral cavity) |
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Diaphragm
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muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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Abdominal Cavity
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contains major organs of digestion. (one part of ventral cavity)
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Pelvic Cavity
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space formed by the pelvic (hip) bones. Contain primary organs of reproductive and excretory systems. (one part of ventral cavity)
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Abdominopelvic
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physical division between abdominal and pelvic cavities.
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Abdomin/o
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abdomen
(word root) |
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Pelv
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pelvis
(word root) |
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-ic
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pertaining to
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Ventr
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belly side of the body
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Anterior
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situated in the front
ex) Stomach is anterior to pancreas |
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Anter
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front or before
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-ior
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pertaining to
(suffix) |
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Superior
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uppermost, above, or toward the head.
ex) lungs are located superior to the diaphragm |
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Cephalic
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towards the head
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Cephal
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head
(word root) |
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Proximal
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situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
ex) proximal end of the humerus forms part of the shoulder. |
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Medial
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the direction toward or nearest the midline
ex) the medial ligament of the knee is near the inner surface of the leg |
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Dorsal
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back of the body or organ
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Dors-
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back of the body
(word root) |
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-al
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pertaining to
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Posterior
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situated in the back
(also means on the back part of an organ) ex) pancreas is located posterior to the stomach. |
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Inferior
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lowermost, below, or towards the feet.
ex) stomach is located inferior to the diaphragm |
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Caudal
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towards the lower part of the body
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Caud-
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tail or lower part of the body
(word root) |
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Distal
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situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
ex) the distal end of the humerus forms part of the elbow |
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Lateral
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the direction toward or near the side and away from the midline.
ex) the lateral ligament of the knee is near the side of the leg. |
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Bilateral
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relating to, or having, 2 sides
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Quadrants of Abdomen consist of:
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1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ) 3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ) 4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ) |
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Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions
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locatd on the sides and are covered by the lower ribs.
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Hypochondriac
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below the ribs
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Hypo-
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below
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Chondr/i
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cartilage
(word root) |
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Epigastric Region
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above the stomach
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Right and Left Lumbar Regions
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sides near the inward curve of the spine.
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Umbilical Region
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surrounds the umbilicus/ belly button/ naval.
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Right and Left Iliac Regions
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sides over the hipbone
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Hypogastric Region
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below the stomach
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Inguinal
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petaining to the groin refers to the entire lower portion of the abdomen.
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Peritoneum
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multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdomen cavity.
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Membrane
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thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.
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Parietal Peritoneum
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outer layer of the peritoneum.
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Visceral Peritoneum
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inner layer of the peritoneum, and it surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.
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Visceral
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relating to internal organs
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Mesentery
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fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior of the abdominal wall.
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Retroperitoneal
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located behind the peritoneum
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Retro-
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behind
(word root) |
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Periton-
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peritoneum
(word root) |
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-eal
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pertaining to
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Peritonitis
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inflammation of the peritoneum
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Cytology
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study of the formation, structure, and function of cells.
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2 characteristic properties that stem cells differ from other cells
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1. renew themselves for long periods through cell division.
2. In certain conditions stem cells can be induced with special functions to be another cell or bone marrow |
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Sources of stem cells:
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1. embryo
2. cord blood (from umbilical cord or placental or newborn) 3. adult tissues (bone marrow) |
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Cell Membrane
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surrounds and protects the cell by separating the cell's content from its external environment.
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Cytoplasm
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material within the cell membrane that is NOT part of the nucelus
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-plasm
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formative material of cells
(suffix) |
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Nucleus
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surrounded by the nuclear membrane, with 2 functions:
1. control activities of cell 2. helps cell divide |
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Chromosome
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bearer of genes located in the nucleus
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Gene
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functional unit of heredity
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Somatic Cell
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46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
(somatic-pertaining to the body in general) |
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Sex cells/ Gametes
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(sperm & egg) are the only cells that do not have 46 chromosomes. Each mature sex cell has 23 single chromosomes.
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Genetics
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the study of how genes are transferred from the parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease.
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Gene
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producing
(word root) |
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-tics
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pertaining to
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DNA (deoxyribonucelic acid)
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primary genetic material of all cellular organisms, is packed in a chromosome of 2 strands (double helix)
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Genome
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entire set of genes derived from one parent.
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Clone
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individual produced with genetic material from only one parent and is therefor an identical replica of that parent.
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Genetic mutation
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changes that occur within genes.
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Somatic Cell Mutation
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change within the cells of the body that affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to next generation.
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Gametic Cell Mutation
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change within the genes found in the gametes (sperm or ovum) that can be transmitted to offspring.
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Dominant Gene
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inherited from one parent, that offspring WILL have genetic condition.
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Recessive Gene
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genetic condition is inherited from one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other parent, that offspring WILL NOT have the condition
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Both Parent Recessive Gene
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offspring WILL have that condition.
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Genetic Disorders/ Hereditary Disorder
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diseases or conditions caused by a defective gene. (Can be acquired or transmitted by parent)
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Cystic Fibrosis
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genetic disorder that affects both the respiratory and digestive system.
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Down Syndrome /Trisomy 21
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genetic syndrome characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple physical abnormalities.
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Hemophilia
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group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which one of the factors needed to clot the blood is missing.
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Huntington's Disease/ Huntington's chorea
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hereditary disorder transmitted by a parent dominant gene. Symptoms occur midlife and cause irreversible and progressive loss of muscle control and mental ability.
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Muscular Dystrophy
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group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness of muscle fibers.
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Phenylketonuria
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genetic disorder in which an essential digestive enzyme is missing.
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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inherited red blood cell disorder
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Tay-Sachs Disease
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hereditary disease where missing enzyme in the brain causes progressive physical degeneration, mental retardation, and early death.
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Congenital Disorder
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abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
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Developmental Disorder
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result in anomaly or malformation (absence of limb, extra toe)
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Anomaly
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deviation from what is regarded as normal
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Prenatal Influence
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mother's health and the care she receives before delivery.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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characterized by physical and behavior traits (growth deficiencies, abnormalities, mental retardation, etc)
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Birth Injuries
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congential disorders that wer enot present before the events surrounding the time of birth
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Cerebral palsy
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caused by premature birth or lack of oxygen to brain
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Histology
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study of the structure, composition, and function of the tissues
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Hist
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tissue
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-ology
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study of
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Histologist
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specialist in the study the organization of tissues at all level
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4 Types of Tissues:
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Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
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4 Types of Tissues:
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Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
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Epithelial Tissue
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form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body.
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Epithelium
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specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of the mucous membrane.
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Endothelium
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specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs.
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Glands
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specialized epithelial tissues that form secretions.
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Connective Tissue
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support and connect organs and other body tissues
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Dense Connective Tissue
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Bone, cartilage, etc
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Adipose Tissue
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fat. provide protective padding, insulation, and support, and acts as a nutrient reserve.
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Loose Connective Tissues
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surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels.
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Liquid Connective Tissues
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blood and lymph
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Muscle Tissues
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contains cells with specialized ability to contract and relax
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Nerve Tissue
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cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
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Anaplasia
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change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other (cancer)
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Ana-
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excessive
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-plasia
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formation
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Aplasia
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defective development, or congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
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Dysplasia
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abnormal tissue development
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Dys-
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bad
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Hyperplasia
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enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells
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Hyper-
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excessive
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Hypertrophy
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general increase in the bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation.
DUE IN INCREASE SIZE, NOT NUMBER OF CELL IN TISSUE |
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-trophy
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development
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Hypoplasia
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incomplete development of an organ or tissue
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Hypo-
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deficient
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Secretion
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substance produced by a gland
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Two types of glands:
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Exocrine Gland
Endocrine Gland |
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Exocrine Glands
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secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body (ex: sweat glands)
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Exo-
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out of
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-crine
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secrete
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Endocrine Glands
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secrete hormones, do not have ducts.
(hormones enter bloodstream and travel to organs or throughout body) |
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Endo-
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Within
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Adenectomy
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surgical removal of a gland
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-ectomy
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surgical removal
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Adenitis
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inflammation of a gland
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Aden/o
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gland
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Adenoma
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benign (not life threatening) tumor of glandular origin and structure
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-oma
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tumor
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Adenomalacia
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abnormal softening of a gland
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Adenosclerosis
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abnormal hardening of a gland
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-sclerosis
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abnormal hardening
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Adenosis
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disease condition of a gland
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-osis
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abnormal condition
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Organ
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somewhat independent part of the body that performs a special function/functions
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Pathology
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study of structural and functional changes caused by disease.
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Path/o
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disease
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-pathy
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disease
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Pathologist
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specializes in laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
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Postmortem
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after death
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Autopsy
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postmortem (after death) exam
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Etiology
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study of the cause of disease
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Eti-
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cause
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Communicable Disease/ Contagious Disease
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disease transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects
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Contaminated
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pathogen possibly present
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Bloodborne Transmission
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contact with blood or body fluids that are contaminated with blood
(ex: HIV, Hep B, STDs) |
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Infectious Disease
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illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
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Organic Disorder
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pathologic physical changes that explain the symptoms being experienced by the patient.
(ex: gastric ulcer) |
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Iatrogenic Illness
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a problem, side effect, or unfavorable response arising from prescribed treatment or medicine.
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Idiopathic Disorder
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illness without known cause
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Idi/o
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peculiar to the individual
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-ic
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pertaining to
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Functional Disorder
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no detectable physical changes to explain the symptoms that are being experienced by the patient
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Nosocomial Infection
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infection acquired from hospital/clinic
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Airborne Transmission
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through respiratory droplets such as contact with material from the cough or sneeze.
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Foodborne and Waterborne Transmission (Fecal-oral transmission)
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eating or drinking contaminated water that has not prepared properly to kill the contamination
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Epidemiologist
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specializes study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
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Endemic
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refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.
(ex: common cold is endemic since it's always present in population) |
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Epidemic
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sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a population group or area.
(ex: sudden widespead outbreak of measles) |
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Pandemic
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outbreak of a disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.
(ex: AIDS) |
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Abreviation: A
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Anterior
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Abbreviation: Abdomen
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Abd, Abdo
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Abbreviation: Anatomy
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anat
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Abbreviation: Ceph
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Cephalic
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Abbreviation: CD
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Communicable disease
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Abbreviation: Chromosome
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CH, chr
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Abbreviation: CF
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Abbreviation: Cyt
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Cytology, Cytoplasm
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Abbreviation: DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Abbreviation: D
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Dorsal
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Abbreviation: DS
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Down Syndrome
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Abbreviation: Epid
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Epidemic
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Abbreviation: E
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Etiology
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Abbreviation: HEM, hemo
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Hemophilia
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Abbreviation: Histology
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HIS, Histo, histol
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Abbreviation: HD
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Huntington's Disease
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Abbreviation: MD
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Muscular Dystrophy
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Abbreviation: Phenylketonuria
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PKU
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Abbreviation: P
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Physiology, posterior
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Abbreviation: SCA
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Abbreviation: TSD
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Tay-Sachs disease
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Abbreviation: umbilical
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umb
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Abbreviation: ventral
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V, vent, ventr
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Nephr/o
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kidney
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