Medical Terminology Ch. 6, 7 & 8

Front 1

ankyl/o

Back 1

crooked or stiff

Front 2

arthr/o

articul/o

Back 2

joint
(articulation)

Front 3

brachi/o

Back 3

arm

Front 4

cervic/o

Back 4

neck

Front 5

chondr/o

Back 5

cartilage
(gristle)

Front 6

cost/o

Back 6

rib

Front 7

crani/o

Back 7

skull

Front 8

dactyl/o

Back 8

digit
(finger or toe)

Front 9

fasci/o

Back 9

fascia
(a band)

Front 10

femor/o

Back 10

femur

Front 11

fibr/o

Back 11

fiber

Front 12

kyph/o

Back 12

humpback

Front 13

lei/o

Back 13

smooth

Front 14

lord/o

Back 14

bent

Front 15

lumb/o

Back 15

loin (lower back)

Front 16

myel/o

Back 16

bone marrow or spinal cord

Front 17

my/o

myos/o

muscul/o

Back 17

muscle

Front 18

oste/o

Back 18

bone

Front 19

patell/o

Back 19

knee cap

Front 20

pelv/i

pelv/o

Back 20

hip bone or pelvic cavity

Front 21

radi/o

Back 21

radius

Front 22

rhabd/o

Back 22

rod shaped or striated (skeletal)

Front 23

sarc/o

Back 23

flesh

Front 24

scoli/o

Back 24

twisted

Front 25

spondyl/o

vertebr/o

Back 25

vertebra

Front 26

stern/o

Back 26

sternum
(breastbone)

Front 27

ten/o

tend/o

tendin/o

Back 27

tendon
(to stretch)

Front 28

thorac/o

Back 28

chest

Front 29

ton/o

Back 29

tone or tension

Front 30

uln/o

Back 30

ulna

Front 31

appendicular skeleton

Back 31

bones of shoulder, pelvis & upper & lower extremities

Front 32

axial skeleton

Back 32

bones of skull, vertebral column, chest & hyoid bone (U-shaped bone lying @ the base of the tongue)

Front 33

bone

Back 33

specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells) forming the skeleton

Front 34

compact bone

Back 34

tightly solid, strong bone tissue resistant to bending

Front 35

spongy (cancellous) bone

Back 35

mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow & fine branching canals through which blood vessels run

Front 36

long bones

Back 36

bones of arms & legs

Front 37

short bones

Back 37

bones of wrists & ankles

Front 38

flat bones

Back 38

bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis & skull

Front 39

irregular bones

Back 39

bones of vertebrae & face

Front 40

sesamoid bones

Back 40

round bones found near joints
(e.g. patella)

Front 41

epiphysis

Back 41

wide ends of a long bone
(physis = growth)

Front 42

diaphysis

Back 42

shaft of a long bone

Front 43

metaphysis

Back 43

growth zone b/w epiphysis & diaphysis during development of a long bone

Front 44

endosteum

Back 44

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

Front 45

medullary cavity

Back 45

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

Front 46

bone marrow

Back 46

soft connective tissue within the medullary cavities of bones

Front 47

red bone marrow

Back 47

found in cavities of most bones in infants; functions in formation of red blood cells, some white blood cells, & platelets; in adults, red bone marrow is found most often in the flat bones

Front 48

yellow bone marrow

Back 48

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones, functions as storage for fat tissue, & is inactive in formation of blood cells

Front 49

periosteum

Back 49

a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone

Front 50

articular cartilage

Back 50

a gristle-like substance found on bones where they articulate

Front 51

articulation

Back 51

a joint; the point where two bones come together

Front 52

bursa

Back 52

a fibrous sac b/w certain tendons & bones that is lined w/ a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

Front 53

disk (disc)

Back 53

a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocarilaginous tissue found b/w the vertebrae to reduce friction

Front 54

nucleus pulpsus

Back 54

the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk

Front 55

ligament

Back 55

a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

Front 56

synovial membrane

Back 56

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

Front 57

synovial fluid

Back 57

lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

Front 58

muscle

Back 58

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

Front 59

striated (skeletal) muscle

Back 59

voluntary striated muscle attached to the skeleton

Front 60

smooth muscle

Back 60

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

Front 61

cardiac muscle

Back 61

muscle of the heart

Front 62

origin of a muscle

Back 62

muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

Front 63

insertion of a muscle

Back 63

muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

Front 64

tendon

Back 64

a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

Front 65

fascia

Back 65

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, & separates muscle

Front 66

coronal (frontal) plane

Back 66

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) back (posterior) portions

Front 67

sagittal plane

Back 67

vertical division of the body into RT & LT portions

Front 68

transverse plane

Back 68

horizontal division of the body into upper & lower portions

Front 69

anterior (A)

Back 69

front of the body

Front 70

posterior (P)

Back 70

back of the body

Front 71

anterior-posterior (AP)

Back 71

from front to back; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam

Front 72

posterior-anterior (PA)

Back 72

from back to front; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam

Front 73

superior

Back 73

situated above another structure, toward the head

Front 74

inferior

Back 74

situated below another structure, away from the head

Front 75

proximal

Back 75

toward the beginning or origin of a structure

Front 76

distal

Back 76

away from the beginning or origin of a structure

Front 77

medial

Back 77

toward the middle (midline)

Front 78

lateral

Back 78

toward the side

Front 79

axis

Back 79

line that runs through the center of the body or a body part

Front 80

erect

Back 80

normal standing position

Front 81

decubitus

Back 81

lying down, especially in bed

Front 82

prone

Back 82

lying face down & flat

Front 83

recumbent

Back 83

lying down

Front 84

supine

Back 84

horizontal recumbent; lying lying flat on the back- "on the spine"

Front 85

flexion

Back 85

bending at the joint so that the angle b/w the bones is decreased

Front 86

extension

Back 86

straightening @ the joint so that the angle b/w the bones is increased

Front 87

abduction

Back 87

movement away from the body

Front 88

adduction

Back 88

movement toward the body

Front 89

rotation

Back 89

circular movement around an axis

Front 90

eversion

Back 90

turning outward

Front 91

inversion

Back 91

turning inward

Front 92

supination

Back 92

turning upward or forward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot)

Front 93

pronation

Back 93

turning downward or backward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot)

Front 94

dorsiflexion

Back 94

bending the foot or the toes upward

Front 95

plantar flexion

Back 95

bending the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

Front 96

range of motion (ROM)

Back 96

total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements, i.e., ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct; measured in degrees

Front 97

goniometer

Back 97

instrument used to measure joint angles (gonio = angle)

Front 98

arthralgia

Back 98

joint pain

Front 99

atrophy

Back 99

shrinking of tissue such as muscle

Front 100

crepitation

crepitus

Back 100

grating sound made by movement of some joints or broken bones

Front 101

exostosis

Back 101

a projection arising from a bone that develops form cartilage

Front 102

flaccid

Back 102

flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone

Front 103

hypertrophy

Back 103

increase in the size of tissue such as muscle

Front 104

hypotonia

Back 104

reduced muscle tone or tension

Front 105

myalgia

myodynia

Back 105

muscle pain

Front 106

ostealgia

osteodyia

Back 106

bone pain

Front 107

rigor

or

rigidity

Back 107

stiffness; stiff muscle

Front 108

spasm

Back 108

drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle

Front 109

spastic

Back 109

uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff & awkward movements (resembles spasm)

Front 110

tetany

Back 110

tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contractions

Front 111

tremor

Back 111

shaking rhythmic muscular movement

Front 112

ankylosis

Back 112

stiff joint condition

Front 113

arthritis

Back 113

inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion- there are more than 100 different types of arthritis

Front 114

osteoarthritis (OA)

Back 114

most common form of arthritis that especially affects weight-bearing joints (e.g., knee, hip); characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage

Front 115

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Back 115

most crippling form of arthritis characterized by a chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints & synovial membranes (especially in the hands & feet) causing ankylosis (stiff joints) and deformity

Front 116

gouty arthritis

Back 116

acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint (especially the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)

Front 117

bony necrosis

sequestrum

Back 117

dead bone tissue from loss of blood supply such as can occur after a fracture (sequestrum = something laid aside)

Front 118

bunion

Back 118

swelling of the joint @ the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa

Front 119

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 119

condition that results from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist, characterized by pain, numbness, and tingling in the wrist and fingers by a weak grip; commonly seen as a result of cumulative trauma of surrounding tendons

Front 120

chondromalacia

Back 120

softening of cartilage

Front 121

epiphysitis

Back 121

inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone

Front 122

fracture (Fx)

Back 122

a broken or cracked bone

Front 123

closed fracture

Back 123

a broken bone with no open wound

Front 124

open fracture

Back 124

compound fracture; a broken bone with an open wound

Front 125

simple fracture

Back 125

a nondisplaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair

Front 126

complex fracture

Back 126

a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair

Front 127

fracture line

Back 127

line made by broken bone
(e.g., oblique, spiral, or transverse)

Front 128

comminuted fracture

Back 128

broken in many little pieces

Front 129

greenstick fracture

Back 129

bending & incomplete break of a bone-most often seen in children

Front 130

herniated disk or disc

Back 130

protrustion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root

Front 131

myeloma

Back 131

bone marrow tumor

Front 132

myositis

Back 132

inflammation of muscle

Front 133

myoma

Back 133

muscle tumor

Front 134

leiomyoma

Back 134

smooth muscle tumor

Front 135

leiomyosarcoma

Back 135

malignant smooth muscle tumor

Front 136

rhabdomyoma

Back 136

skeletal muscle tumor

Front 137

rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 137

malignant skeletal muscle tumor

Front 138

muscular dystrophy

Back 138

a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles (Duchenne's type is most common)

Front 139

osteoma

Back 139

bone tumor

Front 140

osteosarcoma

Back 140

type of malignant bone tumor

Front 141

osteomalacia

Back 141

disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium & vitamin D deficiency

Front 142

rickets

Back 142

osteomalacia in children (causes bone deformity)

Front 143

osteomyelitis

Back 143

infection of bone & bone marrow causing inflammation

Front 144

osteoporosis

Back 144

condition of decreased bone density & increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle & liable to fracture (porosis = passage)

Front 145

spinal curvatures

Back 145

kyphosis

lordosis

scoliosis

Front 146

kyphosis

Back 146

abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine
(humpback condition)

Front 147

lordosis

Back 147

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
(sway-back condition)

Front 148

scoliosis

Back 148

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)

Front 149

spondylolisthesis

Back 149

forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra (listhesis = slipping)

Front 150

spondylosis

Back 150

stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae due to joint degeneration

Front 151

sprain

Back 151

injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture

Front 152

subluxation

Back 152

a partial dislocation
(luxation = dislocation)

Front 153

tendinitis

tendonitis

Back 153

inflammation of a tendon

Front 154

electromyogram (EMG)

Back 154

a neuroduagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle @ rest & during contraction to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy); usually performed by a neurologist

Front 155

magnetic resonance imagining
(MRI)

Back 155

a nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields & radiofrequency waves

Front 156

nuclear medicine

Back 156

ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes

Front 157

bone scan

Back 157

radionuclide image of bone tissue to detect tumor, malignancy, etc.

Front 158

radiography

Back 158

x-ray imagingl an ionizing technique commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, joints, etc.

Front 159

arthrogram

Back 159

an x-ray of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium

Front 160

diskogram

Back 160

an x-ray of an intervertebral disk after injection of a contrast medium

Front 161

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Back 161

an x-ray scan that measures bone mineral density of the spine & extremities to diagnose osteoporosis, determine fracture risk, & monitor treatment; classifications of the bone mass include normal, osteopenic, or osteoporotic as indicated by a T score (amount of bone mass of the patient compared to that of a normal young adult)

Front 162

computed tomography (CT)

computed axial tomography (CAT)

Back 162

a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional image

Front 163

sonography

Back 163

ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, & dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention such as that performed during arthroscopy

Front 164

amputation

Back 164

partial or complete removal of a limb; AKA, above-knee amputation; BKA, below-knee amputation

Front 165

arthrocentesis

Back 165

puncture for aspiration of a joint

Front 166

arthrodesis

Back 166

binding or fusing of joint surfaces

Front 167

arthroplasty

Back 167

repair or reconstruction of a joint

Front 168

arthroscopy

Back 168

procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, & repair a joint from within

Front 169

bone grafting

Back 169

transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect

Front 170

bursectomy

Back 170

excision of a bursa

Front 171

myoplasty

Back 171

repair of muscle

Front 172

open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture

Back 172

internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment & fixing them into place, often utilizing plates, screws, pins, etc.

Front 173

osteoplasty

Back 173

repair of bone

Front 174

osteotomy

Back 174

an incision into bone

Front 175

spondylosyndesis

Back 175

spinal fusion

Front 176

tenotomy

Back 176

division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle

Front 177

closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture

Back 177

external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect & hold the bone in place while healing

Front 178

casting

Back 178

use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing

Front 179

splinting

Back 179

use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provide less support than a cast, but can be adjusted easier to accommodate for swelling from an injury

Front 180

traction (Tx)

Back 180

application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing

Front 181

closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture

Back 181

external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position-often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing

Front 182

orthosis

Back 182

use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or provide limb support (e.g., back, knee, or wrist brace)

Front 183

physical therapy (PT)

Back 183

treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury, involving many different modalities (methods), such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, & ultrasound

Front 184

prosthesis

Back 184

an artificial replacement for a diseased or missing body part such as a hip, joint or limb

Front 185

analgesic

Back 185

a drug that relieves pain

Front 186

narcotic

Back 186

a potent analgesic that has addictive properties

Front 187

anti-inflammatory

Back 187

a drug that reduces inflammation

Front 188

antipyretic

Back 188

a drug that relieves fever

Front 189

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

Back 189

a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, & antipyretic properties (e.g., ibuprofen, aspirin) commonly used to treat arthritis

Front 190

angi/o

vas/o

vascul/o

Back 190

vessel

Front 191

aort/o

Back 191

aorta

Front 192

arteri/o

Back 192

artery

Front 193

ather/o

Back 193

fatty (lipid) paste

Front 194

atri/o

Back 194

atrium

Front 195

cardi/o

Back 195

heart

Front 196

coron/o

Back 196

circle or crown

Front 197

my/o

Back 197

muscle

Front 198

pector/o

steth/o

Back 198

chest

Front 199

sphygm/o

Back 199

pulse

Front 200

thrombo

Back 200

clot

Front 201

ven/o

phleb/o

Back 201

vein

Front 202

varic/o

Back 202

swollen, twisted vein

Front 203

ventricul/o

Back 203

ventricle (belly or pouch)

Front 204

atrium

Back 204

upper RT & LT chambers of the heart

Front 205

endocardium

Back 205

membrane lining the cavities of the heart

Front 206

epicardium

Back 206

membrane forming the outer layer of the heart

Front 207

interatrial septum

Back 207

partition b/t RT & LT atrium

Front 208

interventricular septum

Back 208

partition b/w RT & LT ventricle

Front 209

myocardium

Back 209

heart muscle

Front 210

pericardium

Back 210

protective sac enclosing the heart composed of 2 layers w/ fluid b/w

Front 211

parietal pericardium

Back 211

outer layer
(parietal = pertaining to wall)

Front 212

pericardial cavity

Back 212

fluid-filled cavity b/w the pericardial layers

Front 213

visceral pericardium

Back 213

layer closest to the heart
(visceral = pertaining to organ)

Front 214

ventricle

Back 214

lower RT & LT chambers of the heart

Front 215

heart valves

Back 215

structures within the heart that open & close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

Front 216

aortic valve

Back 216

heart valve b/w the LT ventricle & the aorta

Front 217

mitral or bicuspid valve

Back 217

heart valve b/w the LT atrium & LT ventricle
(cuspis = point)

Front 218

pulmonary semilunar valvue

Back 218

heart valve opening from the RT ventricle to the pulmonary artery (luna = moon)

Front 219

tricuspid valve

Back 219

valve b/w the RT atrium & the RT ventricle

Front 220

valves of the veins

Back 220

valves located @ intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart

Front 221

arteries

Back 221

vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles

Front 222

aorta

Back 222

large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the LT ventricle

Front 223

arterioles

Back 223

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

Front 224

capillaries

Back 224

tiny vessels that join arterioles & venules

Front 225

venules

Back 225

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

Front 226

veins

Back 226

vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules

Front 227

systemic circulation

Back 227

circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, & veins to deliver oxygen & nutrients to body tissues

Front 228

coronary circulation

Back 228

circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen & nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

Front 229

pulmonary circulation

Back 229

circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs & back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exhange of gases

Front 230

diastole

Back 230

to expand; period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria

Front 231

systole

Back 231

to contract; period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction & blood is ejected through the aorta & pulmonary artery

Front 232

normotension

Back 232

normal blood pressure

Front 233

hypotension

Back 233

low blood pressure

Front 234

hypertension

Back 234

high blood pressure

Front 235

sinoatrial node (SA node)

Back 235

the pacemaker; higher specialized neurological tissue, embedded in the wall of the RT atrium, responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node

Front 236

atrioventricular node

Back 236

neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives & amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His

Front 237

bundle of His

Back 237

neurological fibers, extending from the AV node to the RT & LT bundle branches, that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers

Front 238

Purkinje fibers (network)

Back 238

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the RT & LT ventricles, causing them to contract

Front 239

polarization

Back 239

resting; resting state of myocardial cell

Front 240

depolarization

Back 240

change of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction ( de = not; polarization = resting)

Front 241

repolarization

Back 241

recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state (re = again; polarization = resting)

Front 242

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

Back 242

regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (average of 60 to 100 beats/minute)

Front 243

arteriosclerosis

Back 243

thickening, loss of elasticity, & calcification (hardening) of the arterial walls

Front 244

atherosclerosis

Back 244

buildup of fatty substances within the walls of arteries

Front 245

atheromatous plaque

Back 245

a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids)

Front 246

thrombus

Back 246

a stationary blood clot

Front 247

embolus

Back 247

a clot (e.g., air, fat, foreign object) carried in the bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges (embolus = a stopper)

Front 248

stenosis

Back 248

condition of narrowing of a part

Front 249

constriction

Back 249

compression of a part

Front 250

occlusion

Back 250

plugging; obstruction or a closing off

Front 251

ischemia

Back 251

to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel

Front 252

perfusion deficit

Back 252

a lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc.

Front 253

infarct

Back 253

to stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia as a result of occlusion of a blood vessel

Front 254

angina pectoris

Back 254

chest caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries (angina = to choke)

Front 255

aneurysm

Back 255

a widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, the aorta, or an artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness

Front 256

saccular

Back 256

a sac-like bulge on one side

Front 257

fusiform

Back 257

a spindle-shaped bulge

Front 258

dissecting

Back 258

a split or tear of the vessel wall

Front 259

claudication

Back 259

to limp; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; it is caused by inadequate blood supply

Front 260

diaphoresis

Back 260

profuse sweating

Front 261

heart murmur

Back 261

an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

Front 262

palpitation

Back 262

subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats

Front 263

vegetation

Back 263

to grow; an abnormal growth of tissues around a valve, generally a result of an infection such as bacterial endocarditis

Front 264

arrythmia

dysrthythmia

Back 264

any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat

Front 265

bradycardia

Back 265

slow heart rate (<60 beats/minute)

Front 266

fibrillation

Back 266

chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation

Front 267

flutter

Back 267

extremely rapid but regular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular flutter (typically from 250-350 beats/minute)

Front 268

heart block

Back 268

an interference with the normal electrical conduction of the heart defined by the location of the block (e.g., AV block)

Front 269

premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

Back 269

a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (pacemaker)

Front 270

tachycardia

Back 270

fast heart rate (>100 beats/minute)

Front 271

arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)

Back 271

a degenerative condition of the arteries characterized by thickening of the inner lining, loss of electricity, & susceptibility to rupture- seen most often in the aged or smokers

Front 272

bacterial endocarditis

Back 272

a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves

Front 273

cardiac tamponade

Back 273

compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart (tampon = a plug)

Front 274

cardiomyopathy

Back 274

a general term for disease of the heart muscle

Front 275

congenital anomaly of the heart

Back 275

malformations of the heart present @ birth (anomaly = irregularity)

Front 276

atrial septal defect (ASD)

Back 276

an opening in the septum separating the atria

Front 277

coarctation of the aorta

Back 277

narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body

Front 278

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Back 278

an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery & the aorta caused by the failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth (patent = open)

Front 279

tetralogy of Fallot

Back 279

an anomaly that consists of four defects: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, malposition of the aorta, & RT ventricular hypertrophy-causes blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation so that deoxygenated blood goes into the systemic circulation, resulting in cyanosis (tetra = four)

Front 280

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Back 280

an opening in the septum separating the ventricles

Front 281

congestive heart failure (CHF)

LT ventricular failure

Back 281

failure of the LT ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a "bottleneck" of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body

Front 282

cor pulmonale

RT ventricular failure

Back 282

a condition of enlargement of the RT ventricle as a result of chronic disease within the pulmonary circulation & resistance of blood flow to the lungs (cor = heart)

Front 283

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Back 283

a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood & delivery of exygen & nutrients to the myocardium-most often caused by atherosclerosis

Front 284

hypertension (HTN)

Back 284

persistently high blood pressure

Front 285

essential (primary) hypertension

Back 285

high blood pressure attributed to no single cause, but risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, & hereditary factors

Front 286

secondary hypertension

Back 286

high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease (e.g., kidney disease)

Front 287

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Back 287

protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the LT atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure & backflow of blood

Front 288

myocardial infarction (MI)

Back 288

heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) owing to loss of blood flow (ischemia) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery- usually caused by atherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in the chest or upper body (shoulders, neck, & jaw) shortness of breath, diaphoresis, & nausea

Front 289

myocarditis

Back 289

inflammation of the myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection

Front 290

pericarditis

Back 290

inflammation of the pericardium

Front 291

phlebitis

Back 291

inflammation of a vein

Front 292

rheumatic heart disease

Back 292

damage to heart muscle & heart valves by rheumatic fever (a streptococcal infection)

Front 293

thrombophlebitis

Back 293

inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation

Front 294

varicose veins

Back 294

abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves, most often seen in the legs

Front 295

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Back 295

formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral & iliac veins

Front 296

auscultation

Back 296

a physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope (e.g., auscultation of the chest for heart & lung sounds)

Front 297

bruit

Back 297

noise; an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulence within

Front 298

gallop

Back 298

an abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction

Front 299

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Back 299

an electrical picture of the heart represented by positive & negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters P, Q, R, S, & T, corresponding to events of the cardiac cycle

Front 300

stress electrocardiogram

Back 300

an ECG of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or ergometer (bicycle); useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia & infaraction

Front 301

Holter ambulatory monitor

Back 301

a portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours-useful in detecting periodic abnormalities

Front 302

intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS)

Back 302

invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate & map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; intracardiac catheter ablation may be performed @ the same time to treat the arrhythmia

Front 303

intracardiac catheter ablation

Back 303

use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue @ sites generating abnormal electrical pathways

Front 304

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Back 304

magnetic resonance imaging of the heart & blood vessels for evaluation of pathology

Front 305

nuclear medicine imaging of the heart

Back 305

radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotopes to visualize structures & analyze functions

Front 306

myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan

Back 306

a scan of the heart made after an intravenous injection of an isotope (e.g., thallium) that is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart

Front 307

myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan

Back 307

a nuclear scan of the heart taken after the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill or bicycle or administration of a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients unable to ambulate

Front 308

positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart

Back 308

use of nuclear isotopes & computed tomography techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be taken @ rest or with stress

Front 309

radiology

Back 309

x-ray imaging

Front 310

angiogram

Back 310

an x-ray of a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium

Front 311

coronary angiogram

Back 311

an x-ray of the blood vessels of the heart

Front 312

arteriogram

Back 312

an x-ray of a particular artery (e.g., coronary arteriogram, renal arteriogram)

Front 313

aortogram

Back 313

an x-ray of the aorta

Front 314

venogram

Back 314

an x-ray of a vein

Front 315

cardiac catheterization

Back 315

introduction of a flexible, narrow tube or catheter through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, & inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography & cine film (motion picture) imaging of the chambers of the heart & coronary arteries- very often includes interventional procedures such as angioplasty & atherectomy

Front 316

LT heart catheterization

Back 316

an x-ray of the LT ventricular cavity & coronary arteries

Front 317

RT heart catherization

Back 317

measurement of oxygen saturation & pressure readings of the RT side of the heart

Front 318

ventriculogram

Back 318

an x-ray visualizing the ventricles

Front 319

stroke volume (SV)

Back 319

measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction

Front 320

cardiac output (CO)

Back 320

measurement of the amount of blood ejected from either ventricle of the heart per minute

Front 321

ejection fraction

Back 321

measurement of the volume percentage of LT ventricular contents ejected with each contraction

Front 322

sonography

Back 322

sonographic imaging

Front 323

echocardiography (ECHO)

Back 323

recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure & motion

Front 324

stress echocardiogram (stress ECHO)

Back 324

an echocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill or bicycle or administration of a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients unable to ambulate- useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia and infarction

Front 325

transesopageal echocardiogram (TEE)

Back 325

an echocardiogram image of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer @ the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus

Front 326

Doppler sonography

Back 326

an ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or carotid insufficiency, or flow through the heart, chambers, valves, etc.

Front 327

intravascular sonography

Back 327

ultrasound images made after a sonographic transducer is placed @ the tip of a catheter within a blood vessel-done to evaluate pathological conditions such as buildup of plaque

Front 328

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Back 328

grafting of a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue; the traditional method includes temporary arrest of the heart with circulation (bypass) of the patient's blood through a heart-lung machine during the procedure-an alternative off-pump approach uses a stabilizer to perform the procedure on the beating heart

Front 329

anastomosis

Back 329

opening; joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other

Front 330

endarterectomy

Back 330

incision & coring of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup (e.g., carotid endarterctomy)

Front 331

transmyocardial revascularization (TMR)

Back 331

a laser technique used to open tiny channels in the heart muscle to restore blood flow, thereby relieving angina in patients with advanced coronary artery disease; an option for patients not treatable with angioplasty or coronary artery bypass

Front 332

valve replacement

Back 332

surgery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial one

types of artificial valves:

TISSUE-most commonly made from animal tissue such as porcine (pig) or bovine (cow)

MECHANICAL- made from synthetic material

Front 333

valvuloplasty

Back 333

repair of a heart valve

Front 334

endovascular surgery

Back 334

interventional procedures performed endoscopically at the time of cardiac catheterization

Front 335

angioscopy

Back 335

use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope accompanied by an irrigation system, a camera, a video recorder, and a monitor that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and select the mode of theraphy

Front 336

atherectomy

Back 336

excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup

Front 337

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Back 337

a method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment, then inflating it to dilate & open the narrowed portion of the vessel & restore blood flow to the myocardium; most often includes placement of a stent

Front 338

intravascular stent

Back 338

implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel & ensure its patency (openness)- most often used to treat a stenosis or a dissection (a split or tear in the wall of a vessel) or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty

Front 339

defibrillation

Back 339

termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivery of an electrical stimulus to the heart, most commonly by applying electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall but can be performed internally at the time of open heart surgery or via an implanted device

Front 340

defibrillator

Back 340

a device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation

Front 341

cardioversion

Back 341

termination of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy

Front 342

impantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

Back 342

an implanted, battery-operated device with rate-sensing leads that monitors cardiac impulses & initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia

Front 343

pacemaker

Back 343

a device used to treat slow heart rates (bradycardia) by electrically stimulating the heart to contract, most often implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin but can be temporarily placed externally with lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein

Front 344

thrombolytic therapy

Back 344

dissolution of thrombi using drugs streptokinase, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

Front 345

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

Back 345

a drug that suppressess the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotension-converting enzyme; used in the treatment of hypertension

Front 346

antianginal

Back 346

a drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris

Front 347

antiarrhythmic

Back 347

a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia

Front 348

anticogulant

Back 348

a drug that prevents clotting of the blood commonly used in treating thrombophlebitis & myocardial infarction

Front 349

antihypertensive

Back 349

a drug that lowers blood pressure

Front 350

beta-adrenergic blocking agents

beta blockers

Back 350

agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity causing a slowing of electrical conduction & heart rate & a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris & hypertension

Front 351

calcium channel blockers

Back 351

agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions in heart muscle cells causing a slowing of the heart rate, lessening the demand for oxygen & nutrients, and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to preent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension

Front 352

cardiotonic

Back 352

a drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart commonly used to treat congestive heart failure

Front 353

diuretic

Back 353

a drug that increases the secretion of urine commonly prescribed in treating hypertension

Front 354

hypolipidemic

Back 354

a drug that reduces serum fat & cholesterol

Front 355

statins

Back 355

agents that lower cholesterol in the blood by inhibiting the effect of HMG-CoA reductase, a liver enzyme responsible for producing cholesterol

Front 356

thrombolytic agents

Back 356

drugs used to dissolve thrombi (blood clots)

Front 357

vasoconstrictor

Back 357

a drug that causes narrowing of the blood vessels, decreasing blood flow

Front 358

vasodilator

Back 358

a drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow

Front 359

blast/o

-blast

Back 359

germ or bud

Front 360

chrom/o

chromat/o

Back 360

color

Front 361

chyl/o

Back 361

juice

Front 362

hem/o

hemat/o

Back 362

blood

Front 363

immun/o

Back 363

safe

Front 364

lymph/o

Back 364

clear fluid

Front 365

morph/o

Back 365

form

Front 366

myel/o

Back 366

bone marrow (also spinal cord)

Front 367

phag/o

Back 367

eat or swallow

Front 368

plas/o

Back 368

formation

Front 369

reticul/o

Back 369

a net

Front 370

splen/o

Back 370

spleen

Front 371

thromb/o

Back 371

clot

Front 372

thym/o

Back 372

thymus gland

Front 373

plasma

Back 373

liquid portion of the blood & lymph containing water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, & cellular components (leukocytes, erythrocytes, & platelets)

Front 374

serum

Back 374

liquid portion of the blood left after the clotting process

Front 375

erythrocyte

Back 375

red blood cell that transports oxygen & carbon dioxide within the bloodstream

Front 376

hemoglobin

Back 376

protein-iron compound contained in the erythrocyte that has bonding capabilities for the transport of oxygen & carbon dioxide

Front 377

leukocyte

Back 377

white blood cell that protects the body from invasion of harmful substances

Front 378

granulocytes

Back 378

a group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm

Front 379

neutrophil

Back 379

a granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis) (neutro = neither; phil = attraction for)

Front 380

polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)

Back 380

another term for neutrophil, named for the many segments present in its nucleus (poly = many; morpho = form; nucleus = kernel)

Front 381

band

Back 381

an immature neutrophil

Front 382

eosinophil

Back 382

a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-color stain of its granules, that increases with allergy & some infections [eos = dawn-colored (rosy); phil = attraction for]

Front 383

basophil

Back 383

a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues (baso = base; phil = attraction for)

Front 384

agranulocytes

Back 384

a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei

Front 385

lymphocyte

Back 385

an agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity- there are four categories of lymphocytes:
T cells (thymus dependent)
B cells (bone marrow derived)
NK cells (natural killer)
K-type cells

Front 386

monocyte

Back 386

an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection (mono = one)

Front 387

platelets

Back 387

thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting (coagulation)

Front 388

thymus

Back 388

the primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum; helps maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes

Front 389

spleen

Back 389

the organ between the stomach & diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, & provides the environment for the initiation of immune responses by lymphocytes

Front 390

lymph

Back 390

fluid originating in the organs & tissues of the body that is circulated through the lymph vessels

Front 391

lymph capillaries

Back 391

microscopic vessels that draw lymph from the tissues to the lymph vessels

Front 392

lymph vessels

Back 392

vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries & circulate it to the lymph nodes

Front 393

lacteals

Back 393

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream (lacteus = milky)

Front 394

chyle

Back 394

a white or pale yellow substance of the lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals

Front 395

lymph nodes

Back 395

many small oval structures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessels-major locations include the cervical region, axillary region, & inguinal region

Front 396

lymph ducts

Back 396

collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins

Front 397

RT lymphatic duct

Back 397

receives lymph from the upper-right part of the body

Front 398

thoracic duct

Back 398

receives lymph from the LT side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, LT arm, & lower extremities

Front 399

antigen

Back 399

a substance that, when introduced to the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it

Front 400

antibody

Back 400

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

Front 401

immunoglobulins (Ig)

Back 401

protein antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes that protect the body from invasion of foreign pathogens; the five major classes include IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

Front 402

immunity

Back 402

process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen

Front 403

active immunity

Back 403

an immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally after contracting an infection or artificially after administration of a vaccine

Front 404

passive immunity

Back 404

an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies

Front 405

microcytosis

Back 405

the presence of small red blood cells

Front 406

macrocytosis

Back 406

the presence of large red blood cells

Front 407

anisocytosis

Back 407

the presence of red blood cells of unequal size (an = without; iso = equal)

Front 408

poikilocytosis

Back 408

the presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells

Front 409

reticulocytosis

Back 409

an increase of immature erythrocytes in the blood

Front 410

erythropenia

Back 410

an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells

Front 411

lymphocytopenia

Back 411

an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes

Front 412

neutropenia

Back 412

a decrease in the number of neutrophils

Front 413

pancytopenia

Back 413

an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood

Front 414

hemolysis

Back 414

breakdown of the red blood cell membrane

Front 415

immunocompromised

Back 415

impaired immunological defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy with immunosuppressive agents

Front 416

immunosuppression

Back 416

impaired ability to provide an immune response

Front 417

lymphadenopathy

Back 417

the presence of enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes

Front 418

splenomegaly

Back 418

enlargement of the spleen

Front 419

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Back 419

a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, & neurological diseases to develop; it is transmitted sexually or through exposure to contaminated blood

Front 420

anemia

Back 420

a condition in which there is a reduction in the # of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of the red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues; common types follow:

Front 421

aplastic anemia

Back 421

a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells

Front 422

iron deficiency anemia

Back 422

a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affecting production of hemoglobin & characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin

Front 423

pernicious anemia

Back 423

a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in #

Front 424

autoimmune disease

Back 424

any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rhematoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases

Front 425

erythroblastosis fetalis

Back 425

a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with an Rh-positive blood factor & a mother who is Rh negative, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; necessitates a blood transfusion to save the fetus

Front 426

Rh factor

Back 426

the presence, or lack, or antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother & fetus, resulting in fetal anemia

Front 427

Rh positive

Back 427

the presence of antigens

Front 428

Rh negative

Back 428

the absence of antigens

Front 429

hemochromatosis

Back 429

a hereditary disorder that results in an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body

Front 430

hemophilia

Back 430

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which there is a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood

Front 431

leukemia

Back 431

a chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood & bone marrow; classified according to the types of white cells affected (e.g., myelocytic, lymphocytic)

Front 432

myelodysplasia

Back 432

a disorder within the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to the different types of blood cells); usually develops into specific type of leukemia

Front 433

lymphoma

Back 433

any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease

Front 434

metastasis

Back 434

the process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs

Front 435

mononucleosis

Back 435

a condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes & lymphocytes) in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, & sore throat (pharyngitis)

Front 436

polycythemia

Back 436

an increase in the # of erythrocytes & hemoglobin in the blood

Front 437

septicemia

Back 437

a systemic disease caused by the infection of microogranisms & their toxins in the circulating blood

Front 438

thrombocytopenia

Back 438

a bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the # of platelets in the blood, which impairs the clotting process

Front 439

blood chemistry

Back 439

a test of the fluid portion of the blood to measure the presence of a chemical constituent (e.g., glucose, cholesterol)

Front 440

blood chemistry panels

Back 440

specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions (e.g., metabolic panel, lipid panel, arthritis panel)

Front 441

basic metabolic panel

Back 441

battery of tests used as a general screen for disease: calcium, carbon dioxide (CO2), chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Front 442

comprehensive metabolic panel

Back 442

tests in addition to basic metabolic panel for expanded screening purposes: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT, and AST

Front 443

blood culture

Back 443

a test to determine if infection is present in the bloodsteam by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified

Front 444

CD4 cell count

Back 444

a measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adult range is 600-1,500 cells

Front 445

complete blood count (CBC)

Back 445

the most common laboratory blood tests performed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes; the following is a listing of the component tests included in a CBC

Front 446

white blood count (WBC)

Back 446

a count of the number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods

Front 447

red blood cell count (RBC)

Back 447

a count of the # of red vlood cells per cubic mm obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods

Front 448

hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb)

Back 448

a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)

Front 449

hematocrit (HCT or Hct)

Back 449

a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a give volume of blood

Front 450

blood indices

Back 450

calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells for classification of anemia

Front 451

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)

Back 451

a calculation of the content in weight of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RBC results
MCH = HGB/RBC

Front 452

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Back 452

a calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB & HCT results: MCHC = HGB/HCT

Front 453

differential count

Back 453

a determination of the # of each type of white blood cell (leukocyte) seen on a stained blood smear; each type is counted & reported as a percentage of the total examined

Front 454

red cell morphology

Back 454

as part of identifying & counting the WBCs, the condition of the size & shape of the red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide is noted

Front 455

platelet count (PLT)

Back 455

a calculation of the # of thrombocytes in the blood: normal range 150,000-450,000/cubic millimeters

Front 456

erthrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Back 456

a timed test to measure the rate @ which red blood cells settle or fall through a given volume of plasma

Front 457

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Back 457

a test to determine coagulation defects such as platelet disorders

Front 458

thromboplastin

Back 458

a substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation

Front 459

prothrombin time (PT)

Back 459

a test to measure the activity of prothrombin in the blood

Front 460

prothrombin

Back 460

a protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process

Front 461

venipuncture

phlebotomy

Back 461

an incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing

Front 462

bone marrow aspiration

Back 462

a needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examiniation

Front 463

bone marrow biopsy

Back 463

a pathological examination of bone marrow tissue

Front 464

lymphangiogram

Back 464

an x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium

Front 465

computed tomography (CT)

Back 465

full-body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors & cancers such as lymphoma

Front 466

positron emission tomography (PET)

Back 466

radionuclide scans, especially of the whole body, are useful in determining the recurrence of cancers of to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma

Front 467

bone marrow transplant

Back 467

the transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production

Front 468

lymphadenotomy

Back 468

an incision into a lymph node

Front 469

lymphadenectomy

Back 469

the removal of a lymph node

Front 470

lymph node dissection

Back 470

the removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathological examination

Front 471

splenectomy

Back 471

the removal of the spleen

Front 472

thymectomy

Back 472

the removal of the thymus gland

Front 473

blood transfusion

Back 473

the introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner

Front 474

autologous blood

Back 474

blood donated by, and stored for, a patient for future personal use (e.g, upcoming surgery)

Front 475

homologous blood

Back 475

blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient

Front 476

blood component therapy

Back 476

the transfusion of specific blood components such as packed red blood cells, platelets, & plasma

Front 477

crossmatching

Back 477

a method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility

Front 478

chemotherapy

Back 478

the treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce

Front 479

immunotherapy

Back 479

the use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanisms; as seen in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, and allergy

Front 480

plasmapheresis

Back 480

the removal of plasma from the body with separation & extraction of specific elements (such as platelets) followed by reinfusion (apheresis = a withdrawal)

Front 481

anticoagulant

Back 481

a drug that prevents clotting of the blood

Front 482

hemostatic

Back 482

a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels

Front 483

vasocontrictor

Back 483

a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, decreasing blood flow

Front 484

vasodilator

Back 484

a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow