Medical Terminology Ch 5

Front 1

The digestive (gastrointestinal) tract begins with the ____ and ends with the ____.

Back 1

mouth, anus

Front 2

the three functions of the digestive system

Back 2

digestion
absorption
elimination

Front 3

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

Back 3

absorption

Front 4

building blocks of proteins, produced when proteins are digested

Back 4

amino acids

Front 5

opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

Back 5

anus

Front 6

blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ); literally means hanging on

Back 6

appendix

Front 7

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules

Back 7

bile

Front 8

originally called gall

Back 8

bile

Front 9

pigment released by the liver in bile

Back 9

bilirubin

Front 10

intestine

Back 10

bowel

Front 11

pointed, "dog-tooth"-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth

Back 11

canine teeth

Front 12

first part of the large intestine

Back 12

cecum

Front 13

large intestine consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum

Back 13

colon

Front 14

caries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

Back 14

common bile duct

Front 15

choledochus

Back 15

common bile duct

Front 16

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum

Back 16

defecation

Front 17

swallowing

Back 17

deglutition

Front 18

major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

Back 18

dentin

Front 19

breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods

Back 19

digestion

Front 20

first part of the small intestine, measures 12 inches long

Back 20

duodenum

Front 21

act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials

Back 21

elimination

Front 22

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat

Back 22

emulsification

Front 23

hard outermost layer of a tooth

Back 23

enamel

Front 24

a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances, given names that end in -ase

Back 24

enzymes

Front 25

tube connecting the throat to the stomach

Back 25

esophagus

Front 26

substances produced when fats are digested

Back 26

fatty acids

Front 27

solid wastes; stools

Back 27

feces

Front 28

small sac under the liver; stores bile

Back 28

gallbladder

Front 29

simple sugar

Back 29

glucose

Front 30

starch; glucose is stored in this form in liver cells

Back 30

glycogen

Front 31

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

Back 31

hydrochloric acid

Front 32

third part of the small intestine

Back 32

ileum

Front 33

one of four front teeth in the dental arch

Back 33

incisor

Front 34

hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

Back 34

insulin

Front 35

second part of the small intestine

Back 35

jejunum

Front 36

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

Back 36

lipase

Front 37

a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins, and destroys worn-out red blood cells

Back 37

liver

Front 38

liver weighs about ___ pounds

Back 38

2-1/2 to 3 pounds

Front 39

ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach; also called the cardiac sphincter

Back 39

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Front 40

chewing

Back 40

mastication

Front 41

the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch

Back 41

molar teeth

Front 42

the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars

Back 42

premolar teeth

Front 43

roof of the mouth

Back 43

palate

Front 44

lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jaw bone (maxilla)

Back 44

hard palate

Front 45

the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat

Back 45

soft palate

Front 46

organ under the stomach, produces insulin and enzymes

Back 46

pancreas

Front 47

small elevations on the tongue

Back 47

papillae

Front 48

a nipple-like elevation

Back 48

papilla

Front 49

salivary gland within the cheek just anterior to the ear

Back 49

parotid gland

Front 50

rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the GI tract and other tubular structures

Back 50

peristalsis

Front 51

throat

Back 51

pharynx

Front 52

common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose

Back 52

pharynx (throat)

Front 53

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

Back 53

portal vein

Front 54

enzyme that digests protein

Back 54

protease

Front 55

pend/o

Back 55

hanging

Front 56

ap-

Back 56

on

Front 57

eso-

Back 57

inward

Front 58

phag/o

Back 58

swallowing

Front 59

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

Back 59

pulp

Front 60

ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum

Back 60

pyloric sphincter

Front 61

distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

Back 61

pylorus

Front 62

last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus

Back 62

rectum

Front 63

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

Back 63

rugae

Front 64

digestive juice produced by salivary glands

Back 64

saliva

Front 65

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Back 65

salivary glands

Front 66

fourth and last S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum

Back 66

sigmoid colon

Front 67

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

Back 67

sphincter

Front 68

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus

Back 68

stomach

Front 69

proximal section of the stomach

Back 69

fundus

Front 70

middle section of the stomach

Back 70

body

Front 71

distal section of the stomach

Back 71

antrum

Front 72

large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol

Back 72

triglycerides

Front 73

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

Back 73

uvula

Front 74

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

Back 74

villi

Front 75

an/o

Back 75

anus

Front 76

append/o

Back 76

appendix

Front 77

appendic/o

Back 77

appendix

Front 78

bucc/o

Back 78

cheek

Front 79

cec/o

Back 79

cecum

Front 80

celi/o

Back 80

belly, abdomen

Front 81

cheil/o

Back 81

lip

Front 82

cholecyst/o

Back 82

gallbladder

Front 83

choledoch/o

Back 83

common bile duct

Front 84

col/o

Back 84

colon, large intestine

Front 85

colon/o

Back 85

colon

Front 86

dent/i

Back 86

tooth

Front 87

duoden/o

Back 87

duodenum

Front 88

surrounding the anus

Back 88

perianal

Front 89

inflammation and cracking of the corners of the mouth

Back 89

cheilosis

Front 90

surgical removal of the gallbladder

Back 90

cholecystectomy

Front 91

incision into the common bile duct

Back 91

choledochotomy

Front 92

the surgical creation of an opening between the colon and the body surface

Back 92

colostomy

Front 93

pertaining to the colon

Back 93

colonic

Front 94

endoscopic examination of the colon

Back 94

colonoscopy

Front 95

pertaining to the cheek and teeth

Back 95

dentibuccal

Front 96

pertaining to the duodenum

Back 96

duodenal

Front 97

opening between an organ and the surface of the body

Back 97

stoma

Front 98

enter/o

Back 98

intestines, usually small intestine

Front 99

esophag/o

Back 99

esophagus

Front 100

faci/o

Back 100

face

Front 101

gastr/o

Back 101

stomach

Front 102

gingiv/o

Back 102

gums

Front 103

gloss/o

Back 103

tongue

Front 104

hepat/o

Back 104

liver

Front 105

ile/o

Back 105

ileum

Front 106

jejun/o

Back 106

jejunum

Front 107

inflammation of the small intestine and colon

Back 107

enterocolitis

Front 108

the surgical formation of a connection between the small intestine and colon

Back 108

enterocolostomy

Front 109

when used with two or more combining forms for organs, means the surgical creation of an opening between those organs inside the body

Back 109

-stomy

Front 110

any surgical connection between two parts, such as vessels, ducts or bowel segments

Back 110

anastomosis

Front 111

part of the double fold of peritoneum that stretches around the organs in the abdomen; holds the organs in place

Back 111

mesentery

Front 112

lies in the middle of the intestines, a membrane attaching the intestines to the muscle wall at the back of the abdomen

Back 112

mesentery

Front 113

taken into the body or administered in a manner other than through the digestive tract, as by intravenous or intramuscular injection

Back 113

parenteral

Front 114

par

Back 114

apart from

Front 115

surgical creation of an artificial opening into the stomach

Back 115

gastrostomy

Front 116

inflammation of the gingiva

Back 116

gingivitis

Front 117

under the tongue (sublingual)

Back 117

hypoglossal

Front 118

a tumor of the liver

Back 118

hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma)

Front 119

enlargement of the liver

Back 119

hepatomegaly

Front 120

the large intestine begins with the _____

Back 120

ileocecal sphincter

Front 121

inflammation of the ileum

Back 121

ileitis

Front 122

surgical creation of an opening into the ileum, with a stoma on the abdominal wall

Back 122

ileostomy

Front 123

anastomosis of the bile duct to the jejunum

Back 123

choledochojejunostomy

Front 124

surgical creation of an anastomosis between the stomach and jejunum

Back 124

gastrojejunostomy (part of a gastric bypass procedure)

Front 125

labi/o

Back 125

lip

Front 126

lapar/o

Back 126

abdomen

Front 127

lingu/o

Back 127

tongue

Front 128

mandibul/o

Back 128

lower jaw, mandible

Front 129

odont/o

Back 129

tooth

Front 130

or/o

Back 130

mouth

Front 131

palat/o

Back 131

palate

Front 132

pancreat/o

Back 132

pancreas

Front 133

peritone/o

Back 133

peritoneum

Front 134

pharyng/o

Back 134

throat

Front 135

proct/o

Back 135

anus and rectum

Front 136

pylor/o

Back 136

pyloric sphincter

Front 137

rect/o

Back 137

rectum

Front 138

sialaden/o

Back 138

salivary gland

Front 139

sigmoid/o

Back 139

sigmoid colon

Front 140

stomat/o

Back 140

mouth

Front 141

uvul/o

Back 141

uvula

Front 142

a form of minimally invasive surgery (MIS); examination or treatment of the interior of the abdomen by means of a laparoscope

Back 142

laparoscopy

Front 143

orth/o

Back 143

straight

Front 144

a dentist who specializes in periodontics

Back 144

periodontist

Front 145

the branch of dentistry concerned with the care and treatment of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth

Back 145

periodontics

Front 146

performs root canal therapy

Back 146

endodontist

Front 147

procedure to repair cleft palate and cleft lip; repair of a cleft palate

Back 147

palatoplasty

Front 148

inflammation of the peritoneum

Back 148

peritonitis

Front 149

surgical resection of unnecessary palatal and oropharyngeal tissue to open the airway; intended to cure extreme cases of snoring

Back 149

palatopharyngoplasty

Front 150

bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina

Back 150

rectocele

Front 151

inflammation of the salivary gland

Back 151

sialadenitis

Front 152

visual examination (with a sigmoidoscope) of the lower third of the colon in a search for polyps

Back 152

sigmoidoscopy

Front 153

inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth

Back 153

stomatitis

Front 154

removal of the uvula

Back 154

uvulectomy

Front 155

amyl/o

Back 155

starch

Front 156

bil/i

Back 156

gall, bile

Front 157

bilirubin/o

Back 157

bilirubin (bile pigment)

Front 158

chol/e

Back 158

gall, bile

Front 159

chlorhydr/o

Back 159

hydrochloric acid

Front 160

gluc/o

Back 160

sugar

Front 161

glyc/o

Back 161

sugar

Front 162

glycogen/o

Back 162

glycogen, animal starch

Front 163

lip/o

Back 163

fat, lipid

Front 164

lith/o

Back 164

stone

Front 165

prote/o

Back 165

protein

Front 166

sial/o

Back 166

saliva, salivary

Front 167

steat/o

Back 167

fat

Front 168

an enzyme produced in the pancreas and salivary glands that helps in the digestion of starches

Back 168

amylase

Front 169

having to do with the gallbladder, bile ducts, or bile

Back 169

biliary

Front 170

includes the organs (liver and gallbladder) and ducts (hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts) that secrete, store, and empty bile into the duodenum

Back 170

biliary tract

Front 171

elevated level of the pigment bilirubin in the blood

Back 171

hyperbilirubinemia

Front 172

the presence of stones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

Back 172

cholelithiasis

Front 173

lith/o

Back 173

stone or calculus

Front 174

-iasis

Back 174

abnormal condition

Front 175

absence of gastric juice, associated with gastric carcinoma

Back 175

achlorhydria

Front 176

liver cells make new sugar from fats and proteins

Back 176

gluconeogenesis

Front 177

high blood sugar

Back 177

hyperglycemia

Front 178

liver cells change glycogen back to glucose when blood sugar levels drop

Back 178

glycogenolysis

Front 179

a benign fatty tumor

Back 179

lipoma

Front 180

the formation of calculi (stones)

Back 180

lithogenesis

Front 181

enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic breakdown of proteins

Back 181

protease

Front 182

a calculus occurring in a salivary gland or duct

Back 182

sialolith

Front 183

excess fat in feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

Back 183

steatorrhea

Front 184

-ase

Back 184

enzyme

Front 185

-chezia

Back 185

defecation, elimination of wastes

Front 186

-prandial

Back 186

meal

Front 187

an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats

Back 187

lipase

Front 188

speed up chemical reactions

Back 188

enzymes

Front 189

bright red blood found in the feces

Back 189

hematochezia

Front 190

the presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct

Back 190

choledocholithiasis

Front 191

postprandial

Back 191

after meals

Front 192

the three functions of the digestive system

Back 192

digestion, absorption, elimination

Front 193

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

Back 193

jaundice (icterus)

Front 194

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

Back 194

achalasia

Front 195

-chalasia

Back 195

relaxation

Front 196

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

Back 196

esophageal varices

Front 197

increased pressure in veins near and around the liver

Back 197

portal hypertension

Front 198

malignant tumor of the stomach

Back 198

gastric carcinoma

Front 199

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

Back 199

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Front 200

the burning sensation caused by regurgitation of hydrochloric acid from the stomach to the esophagus

Back 200

heartburn

Front 201

Chronic exposure of esophageal mucosa to gastric acid and pepsin leads to _____.

Back 201

reflux esophagitis

Front 202

protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it

Back 202

hernia

Front 203

occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm

Back 203

hiatal hernia

Front 204

occurs when a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal muscle

Back 204

inguinal hernia

Front 205

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

Back 205

anal fistula

Front 206

polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

Back 206

colonic polyposis

Front 207

adenocarcinoma of the colon, rectum or both

Back 207

colorectal cancer

Front 208

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

Back 208

Crohn's disease

Front 209

abnormal side pockets in the intestinal wall

Back 209

diverticulosis

Front 210

painful, inflamed intestines

Back 210

dysentery

Front 211

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

Back 211

hemorrhoids

Front 212

failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

Back 212

ileus

Front 213

telescoping of the intestines

Back 213

intussusception

Front 214

group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension

Back 214

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Front 215

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

Back 215

ulcerative colitis

Front 216

twisting of the intestine on itself

Back 216

volvulus

Front 217

gallstones in the gallbladder

Back 217

cholelithiasis

Front 218

pain from blocked cystic or common bile duct

Back 218

biliary colic

Front 219

laparoscopic or minimally invasive surgery performed to remove the gallbladder and stones

Back 219

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Front 220

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Back 220

cirrhosis

Front 221

inflammation of the pancreas

Back 221

pancreatitis

Front 222

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

Back 222

viral hepatitis

Front 223

used to puncture and enter the abdomen; metal sleeves consisting of a hollow metal tube (cannula) into which fits an obturator used to puncture the wall of a body cavity

Back 223

trocar