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232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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atrium
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upper right and left chamber of the heart
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endocardium
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membrane lining the cavities of the heart
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epicardium
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membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
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interatrial septum
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partition between right and left atrium
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intercentricular septum
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partition between right and left ventricle
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myocardium
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heart muscle
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pericardium
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protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fliud between outer layer
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parietal pericardium
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outer layer of the pericardium
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pericardial cavity
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fliu-filled cavity beween the pericardial layers
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visceral pericardium
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layer closest to the heart
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ventricle
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lower right and left chambers of the heart
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heart valves
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structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
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aortic valve
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heart valve between the left venricle and the aorta
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mitral or bicuspid valve
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heart valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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heart vavle opening from the right ventricle to the plmonary artery
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tricuspid valve
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valve betwwen the right atrium and the right ventricle
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valves of the veins
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valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart
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angio
vaso vasculo |
vessel
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aorto
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aorta
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arterio
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artery
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athero
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fatty lipid paste
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artio
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atrium
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cardio
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heart
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corono
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circle or crown
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myo
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muscle
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pectoro
stetho |
chest
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sphygmo
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pulse
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thrombo
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clot
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veno
phlebo |
vein
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varico
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swollen, twisted vein
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ventriculo
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ventricle (belly or pouch)
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arteries
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vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles
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aorta
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large artery that is the main truck of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
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arterioles
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small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
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capillaries
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tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
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venules
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small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
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veins
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vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
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systemic circulation
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circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
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coronary circulation
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circulatio of blood though the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
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pulmonary circulatin
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circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via pulmonary vein providing for the exchange of gases
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diastole
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to expand, period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the artia
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systole
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to contract, period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary system
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normotension
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normal blood pressure
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hypotension
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low blood pressure
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
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sinoatrial node (SA)
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the pacemaker, highly specialized neurological tissue, embedded in the wall of the right atrium, responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node
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atrioventricular node
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neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the condution of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His
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bundle of His
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neurological fibers, extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches, that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers
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Purkinje fibers
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fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
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polarization
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resting, resting state of a myocardial cell
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depolarization
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change of a myocardial cell from a polarized state to a state of contraction
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repolarization
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recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state
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normal sinus rhythm
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regular rhythm of the heart cycle stiumlated by the SA node
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arteriosclerosis
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thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification of the arterial walls
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atherosclerosis
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buildup of fatty substances within the walls of arteries
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atheromatous plaque
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a swollen area within the livning of an artery caused by the buildup of fat
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thrombus
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a stionary blood clot
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embolus
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a blos carried in the bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges
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stenosis
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condition of narrowing of a party
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constriction
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compression of a part
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occlusion
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plugging obstruction or a closing off
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ischemia
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to hold back blood, decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
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perfusion deficit
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a lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc.
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infarct
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to stuff a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia as a result of occlusion of a blood vessel
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angina pectoris
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chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries
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aneurysm
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a widening bulging of the wall of the heart, the aorta, or an artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness
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saccular
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a sac-like bulge on one side
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fusiform
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a spindle-like bulge
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dissecting
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a split or tear of the vessel wall
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claudication
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to limp, pain in a limb, especially the calg while walking that subsides after rest, it is caused by inadequated blood supply
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diaphoresis
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profuse sweating
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heart murmur
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an abnormal sound frm the heart produced by defects in the chambers of valves
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palpitation
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subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats
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vegetation
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to grow, an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally a results of an infection such as bacterial endocarditis
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arrhythmia
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any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
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bradycardia
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slow heart rate under 60 beats per minute
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fibrillation
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chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation
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flutter
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extremely rapid but regular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular flutter 250-350 beats per minute
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premature ventricular contraction
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a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node
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tachycardia
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fast heart rate over 100 beats per minute
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arteriosclerotic heart disease
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a degenerative condition of thearteries characterized by thickenng of the inner lining loss of elasticity and susceptibility to rupture seen most often in the aged or smokers
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baterical endocarditis
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a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves
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cardic tamponade
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compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fliud in the pericardial sac as results from pericarditis or trauma causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart
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cardiomyopathy
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a general term for disease of the heart muscle
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congestive heart failure
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failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body resulting in a bottlenect of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins causinng edema in lower portions of the body
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cor pulmonale
right ventricular failure |
a condition of enlargement of the right ventricle as a result of chronic disease with in th lungs that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs
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coronary artery disease
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a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium - most often caused by atherosclerosis
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hypertension
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persistently high blood pressure
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essentia (primary) hypertension
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high blood pressure attributed to no single cause, but risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia and herediary factors
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secondary hypertension
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high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease
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mitral valve prolapse
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protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventircular contraction resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack
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myocarditis
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inflammation of the myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection
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pericarditis
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inflammation of the pericardium
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phebitis
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inflammation of a vein
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rheumatic heart disease
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damange to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (a streptococcal infection)
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thrombophlebitis
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inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
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varicose veins
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abnormally swolen twisted veins with defective valves, most often see in the legs
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deep vein thrombosis
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formation of a blot in a depe vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins
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auscultation
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a physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope
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bruit
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noise, an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulence within
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gallop
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an abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse, related to abnormal ventricular contraction
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stress electrocardiogram
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an EGG of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia and infarction
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Holter ambulatory monitor
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a portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours - useful in detecting periodic abnormalities
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radiology
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x ray imaging
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angiography
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an x ray of a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium
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angiogram
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a record obtained by angiography
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coronary angiogram
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an x ray of the blood vessels of the heart
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arteriogram
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an x ray of a particular artery
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aortogram
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an x ray of the aorta
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venogram
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an x ray of a vein
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cardiac catheterization
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introduction of a flexible narrow tube or catheter through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, measure pressure within the heart chambers or vessels, and inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film imaging of the chambers of the heart and coronary arteries, very often includes interventional procedures such as angioplasty and atherectomy
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left heart catheterization
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an x ray of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries
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right heart catheterization
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an x ray visualizing the ventricles
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Transesophageal echocardiogram
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an echcardiographic image of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus
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doppler sonography
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an ultrasound technique used to evalute blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombsis or carotid insuffieciency or flow through the heart chambers, valves, etc.
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intravascular sonography
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ultrasound images made after a sonographic transducer is placed at the tip of a catheter within a blood vessel - done to evaulate pathological conditions such as build up of plaque
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conotary artery by pass graft (CABG)
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grafting of a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery restoring circulation to myocardial tissue
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anastomosis
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openng joining of two blood vesses to allow flow from one to the other
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endarterectomy
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incision and cooring of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup
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valve replacement
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surgery to replace a dieased heart valve with an artifical one
tissue - pig mechanicial - man made |
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valvuloplasty
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repair of a heart valve
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endovascular surgery
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interventional procedures performed endoscopically at the time of cardiac catheterization
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angioscopy
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use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope accompanied by an irrigation syste, camera, video recorder, and a monitor that is guided through a specific blood vesse to visually assess a lesion and select the mode of therapy
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atherectomy
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excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue build up
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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a method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment then inflating it to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium
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intravasular stent
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implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and ensure its patency most often used to treat a stenosis or a dissection or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty
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defibrillation
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termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivery of an electrical stimulus to the heart, most commonly by applying electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall but can be performed internally at the time of open heart surgery or via an implanted device
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defibrillator
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a device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation
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cardioversion
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termination of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy
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implantable cardioverter defibrillator
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an implanted, battery operated device with rate sensing leads that monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia
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pacemaker
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a device used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating the heart to contract, most often implanted with lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein
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thrombolytic therapy
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dissolution of thrombi using drugs
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antiarrhythmic
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a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia
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anticoagulant
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a drug that prevents clotting of the blood commonly used in treating thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction
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antihypertensive
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a drug that lowers blood pressure
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diuretic
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a drug that increases the secretion of urine commonly prescribed in treating hypertension
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hypolipidemic
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a drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
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statins
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agents that lower cholesterol in the blood by inhibiting the effect of HMG-CoA reductase, a liver enzyme responsible for producting cholesterol
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thrombolytic agents
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drugs used to dissolve thrombi
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vasoconstrictor
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a drug that causes narrowing of the blood vessels decreasing blood flow
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vasodilator
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a drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels increasing blood flow.
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blasto
blast |
germ or bud
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chromo
chromato |
color
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chylo
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juice
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hemo
hemato |
blood
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immuno
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safe
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lympho
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clear fluid
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morpho
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form
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myelo
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bone marrow
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phago
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eat or swallow
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plaso
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formation
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reticulo
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a net
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spleno
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spleen
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thrombo
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clot
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thymo
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thymus gland
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plasma
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liquid portion of the blood and lymph containg water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, cellular components
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serum
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liquid portion of the blood left after the clotting process
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erthrocyte
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red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within the bloodstream
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hemoglobin
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protein iron compoud contained i the erythrocyte that has bonding capabilities for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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leukocyte
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white blood cell that protects the body from invasion of harmful substances
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platelets
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thrombocytes cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting
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thymus
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the primary gland of the lymphtic system located with the mediastinum helps maintain the body's immune response by productin T lymphocytes
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spleen
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the organ between the stomach and diaphagm that filters out aging blood cells removes cellular debris by peforming phagocytosis and provides the environment for the initiation of immune reponses by lymphocytes
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lymph
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fliud originating in the organs and tissues of the body
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lymph capillaries
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misroscopic vessels that draw lymph from the tissues to the lymph vessels
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lymph vessels
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vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
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lacteals
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specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the blood stream
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chyle
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a white or pale yellow substance of the lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
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lymph nodes
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many small oval structures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessels major locations include the cervical region, axillary region and inguinal region
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lymph ducts
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collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
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antigen
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a substance that when introduced into the body causes the formation of antibodies against it
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antibody
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a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
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immunoglobulins
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protein antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes that protect the body from invasion of foreign pathogents
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immunity
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process of diease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
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active immunity
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an immunity that protects the body against a future infection as the result of antibodies that develop naturally after contrating an infection
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passive immunity
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an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artifically by injection of a serum containing antibodies
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microcytosis
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the presence of small red blood cells
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macrocytosis
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the presence of large red blood cells
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anisocytosis
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the presence of red blood cells of unequal size
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poikilcytosis
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the presence of arge irregularly shaped red blood cells
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reticulocytosis
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an increase of immature erthrocytes in the blood
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erythropenia
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an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
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lymphocytopenia
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an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
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neutropenia
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a decrease in the number of neutrophils
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pancytopenia
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an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
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hemolysis
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breakdown of the red blood cell membrane
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immunocompromised
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impaired immunological defenses caused b an immunodeficiency diorder or therapy with immunosupressive agents
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lymphadenopathy
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the presence of enlarged lymph nodes
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immunosuppression
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impaired ability to procide an immune response
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splenomegaly
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enlargement of the spleen
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anemia
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a condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells in the blood resulting in a diminished ability of the red blood cells to transport oxgen to the tissues
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hemophilia
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a group of hereditary bleeding diorders in whch there is a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
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leukemia
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a chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood forming organs mark by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone barrow
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myelodysplasia
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a disorder within the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of abnormal stem cells usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
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lymphoma
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any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue usually malignant as in Hodgkin disease
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metastasis
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the process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs
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mononucleosis
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a conditin cause by the epstein barr cirus characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes faigue and sore throat
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polycythemia
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an increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
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septicemia
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a systemic diesease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the circulating blood
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thrombocytopenia
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a bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of platlets in the blood which impairs the clotting process
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blood chemistry
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a test of the fuild portion of blood to measure the presence of a chemical constituent
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blood culture
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a test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a speciment of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms the speciman is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified
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complete blood count
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the most common labratory blood test performed as a screen of general healh or for idagnostic purposes the following is a listing of the component tests
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white blood count
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a count of the number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods
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red blood count
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a count of the number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods
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hemoglobin
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a test to determine the blood level of hemglobin
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hematocrit
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a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
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venipuncture
phlebotomy |
an incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
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bone marrow aspiration
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a needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examination
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bone marrow biopsy
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a pathologcal examination of bone marrow tissue
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lymphangiogram
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an x ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium
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computer tomography
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full body x ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma
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positron emissions tomography
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radionuclide scans espeically of the whole body are useful to in determining the recurrence of cancers of to measure reponse to therapy commonly used in evaulating lymphoma
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bone marrow transplant
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the transplantatio of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donar to a disease recipient to stimulate blood cell production
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lymphadenectomy
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the removal of a lymph node
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lyphadenotomy
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an incision in the lymph node
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lymph node dissection
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the removal of possible cancer carrying lymph nodes for pathological examination
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splenectomy
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the removal of the spleen
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thymectomy
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the removal of the thymus gland
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blood transfusion
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the introduction of blood products into the circulatin of a receipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
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autologous blood
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blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use
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homologous blood
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blood voluntarily donated by ny person for tranfusion to a compatible receipient
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blood component therapy
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the transfusion of specific blood componenets such as packed red blood cells, platelets and plasma
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crossmatching
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a method of matching a donars blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
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chemotherapy
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the treatment of malignancies, infections and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
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immunotherapy
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the use of biology agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mchanisms
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plasmpheresis
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the removal of plasma frm the body with separation and extraction of specific elements followed by reinfusion
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anticoagulant
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a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
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hemostatic
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a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels
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vasoconstrictor
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a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels decreasing blood flow
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vasodilator
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a drug that causes dialition of blood vessels increasing blood flow.
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