Medical Neuroscience Exam 2

Front 1

3 divisions of somatosensory of the Trigeminal Pathway

Back 1

-fine touch and vibration
-pain and temperature
-proprioception

Front 2

3 Sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Back 2

opthalmic (V1)
maxillary (V2)
mandibular (V3)

Front 3

Location of soma of the Orofacial fine touch and vibration pathway

Back 3

1. soma in trigeminal ganglion
2. soma in chief sensory nucleus
3. soma in posterior medial thalamic nucleus (VPM)

Front 4

Location of soma of the Orofacial pain and temperature pathway

Back 4

1. soma in trigeminal ganglion
2. soma in spinal trigeminal nucleus
3. soma in posterior medial thalamic nucleus (VPM)

Front 5

Location of soma of the Orofacial proptioceptive pathway

Back 5

1. soma in mesencephalic nucleus (brainstem)
2. trigeminal motor nucleus -> sends axons out V3 (m. of mastication)

*Does not have soma in trigeminal ganglion

Front 6

organization of motor cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Back 6

flexor -> more lateral
extensor -> more medial

distal muscles -> more ventral
proximal muscles -> more dorsal/medial

Front 7

Name the 4 descending motor pathways

Back 7

1. corticobulbospinal tract
2. rubrospinal tract
3. reticulospinal tract
4. vestibulospinal tract

Front 8

Corticobulbal synapses

Back 8

red nucleus, cranial nerves III, IV, V, VI, VII, X, XI, XII and reticular formation

Front 9

Location of corticospinal fibers in the internal capsule

Back 9

posterior limb of the internal capsule

Front 10

Location of the corticobulbar fibers in the internal capsule

Back 10

genu of the internal capsule

Front 11

At the level of the midbrain what forms the crus cerebri (cerebral peduncles)

Back 11

corticospinal fibers

(corticobulbar fibers are located just medial)

Front 12

What happens to the fibers of the corticobulbospinal system in the Pons and in the Medulla

Back 12

fibers scatter in the pons and condense in the medulla to form the meduallary pyramids

Front 13

Function of Lateral Corticospinal Tract

Back 13

movement of extermities

(most clinically important descending motor pathway)

Front 14

Function of the Anterior Corticospinal Tract

Back 14

movement of axial muscles

Front 15

Injury or disease to Lower Motor Neuron

Back 15

1. paralysis of m. innervated by these fibers
2. loss of m. tone (hypotonia)
3. atrophy of denervated m.
4. absent myotatic (deep tendon) reflexes

Front 16

Upper motor neuron lesion

Back 16

1. paresis or paralysis of m. involved
2. increased m. tone (hypertonia, rigidity, spasticity)
3. hyperactive myotatic (deep tendon) reflex
4. Babinski sign
5. m. atrophy not seen initially but due to long tern disuse

Front 17

Function of the Basal Ganglia

Back 17

'consultant' to the cerebral cortex

(link between the idea of a movement and the motor expression of that idea)

Front 18

Lesion to the basal ganglia

Back 18

disturbance in the initiation and cessation of a motor event

Front 19

3 nuclei of the basal ganglia

Back 19

- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus

Front 20

collective name for the nuclei of the basal ganglia

Back 20

corpus striatum

Front 21

neostratium

Back 21

caudate nucleus and putamen
(basal ganglia nuclei)

Front 22

lentiform nucleus

Back 22

putamen and globus pallidus
(basal ganglia nuclei)

Front 23

paleostriatum

Back 23

globus pallidus
(basal ganglia nuclei)

Front 24

What 2 basal ganglia nuclei does the anterior limb of the internal capsule separate?

Back 24

head of the caudate from the putamen

Front 25

2 nuclei that are closely associated with the basal ganglia

Back 25

-substantia nigra
-subthalamic nucleus

Front 26

corticostriatal fibers

Back 26

all areas of the cortex to the basal ganglia

[glutamate as excitatory NT -> will increase the firing of post-synaptic neurons]

Front 27

Substantia nigra

Back 27

midbrain structure that provides input into the basal ganglia

[provide a high concentration of dopamine in the basal ganglia, and is tonically active]

Front 28

direct pathway within the basal ganglia _______ a flow of information through the thalamus

Back 28

facilitates

Front 29

indirect pathway within the basal ganglia _______ information flow though the thalamus

Back 29

inhibits

Front 30

How is Parkinson's Disease involved with the basal ganglia

Back 30

PD has a loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN)

-activates the indirect pathway
-removes source of activation of the direct pathway

Front 31

Ballismus

Back 31

violent, flinging movement occurring in proximal musculature
-due to damage to the subthalamic nucleus -> increased motor output

Front 32

Huntington's Chorea

Back 32

loass of cells in striatum that give rise to the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia ->increased motor output from cerebral cortex with accompanying hyperkinetic disturbance

Front 33

limbic loop

Back 33

nucleus accumbens (limbic system dealing with pleasure and emotion) to the basal ganglia
-> giving motor expression to emotion

Front 34

enkephalins

Back 34

endogenous opioids
-inhibitory neurotransmitters
(mostly found in small interneurons)

Front 35

How do endogenous opioids produce post synaptic and pre-synaptic inhibition?

Back 35

Post synaptic inhibition - opens K+ channels
Presynaptic inhibition - closes Ca2+ channels on presynaptic nerve

Front 36

naloxone

Back 36

opioid antagonist

Front 37

Functions of the cerebellum

Back 37

reduce error in movement through its connections with upper motor neurons

Front 38

When does the cerebellum act?

Back 38

during and before motion

Front 39

cerebellum functions to maintain posture, _____ _____, and equilibrium

Back 39

muscle tone

Front 40

Where do cerebellar efferents reach?

Back 40

brain stem, spinal cord, and cortex

Front 41

4 cerebellar nuclei embedded in the white matter (deep)

Back 41

lateral to medial
- dentate nucleus
- emboliform nucleus
- globose nucleus
- fastigial nucleus
(don't eat greasy foods)

Front 42

3 lobes of the cerebellum

Back 42

anterior, posterior,flocculonodular

Front 43

folia of the cerebellum

Back 43

folds
I through X (rostral to caudal)

Front 44

What are the three connections between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS

Back 44

Superior cerebellar peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Front 45

Interposed Nuclei of the cerebellum

Back 45

emboliforn nucleus and globose nucleus

Front 46

3 layers of the cerebellar cortex from superficial to deep

Back 46

molecular layer -> Purkinje layer -> Granule layer

Front 47

5 cell types found in the cerebellar cortex

Back 47

Molecular layer [Stellate cell (GABA) & Basket cell (GABA)]
Purkinje layer [Purkinje cell (GABA)]
Granule layer [Golgi cell (GABA) & Granule cell (glutamate)]

Front 48

excitatory axons that project into the cerebellum

Back 48

mossy fibers and climbing fibers

Front 49

What 3 pathways involve the cerebellum?

Back 49

-vestibulocerebellar pathway
-spinocerebellar pathway
-cerebrocerebellar pathway

Front 50

vestibulocerebellar pathway

Back 50

pathway that takes into account head movement and allows the cerebellum to influence eye, neck, and leg movement

Front 51

3 spinocerebellar inputs to the cerebellum

Back 51

-dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT)
-ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT)
-cuneocerebellar tract

Front 52

types of movements produced by cerebellar pathology

Back 52

ataxic movement - jerky and inaccurate movement
dymetria - overshooting and undershooting movements
dysdiadochokinesia - inability to perform rapid alternating movements

Front 53

functions of the vestibular system

Back 53

-coordinate position and acceleration of head
-coordinate eye movement and head movement to keep retinal visual image stationary
-reflex postural adjustments (maintain balance and posture)

Front 54

Vestibular sensory apparatus

Back 54

bony labyrinth (interconnected cavities in the temporal bone) suspends the membranous labyrinth (water ballon)

Front 55

4 regions within the membranous labyrinth

Back 55

cochlea, saccule, utricle, semicircular canals

Front 56

utricle

Back 56

large bulbous structure at the base of the semicircular canals

Front 57

saccule

Back 57

bulbous structure that lies between the utricle and cochlea

Front 58

Macula

Back 58

sensory structure within the utricle and saccule that is sensitive to linear head acceleration

Front 59

Crista

Back 59

sensory strucuture within the semicircular canals that is sensitive to rotational acceleration of the head

Front 60

4 vestibular nuclei

Back 60

superior, inferior, medial, lateral vestibular nuclei
(contain 2nd neuron in pathway)

Front 61

function of the medial vestibulospinal tract

Back 61

uses info from the vestibular system to initiate movement of the cervical flexors and extensors

Front 62

function of the lateral vestibulospinal tract

Back 62

uses info from the vestibular system to initiate movement of axial and proximal limb muscles

Front 63

function of the vestibulo-thalamocortical pathway

Back 63

know if balanced or not