Medical Neuroscience

Front 1

Neuron type associated with CN I, II, VIII; found only in the PNS.

Back 1

Bipolar neuron

Front 2

This type of neuron is associated with the sensory portion of spinal nerves and most cranial nerves.

Back 2

Pseudo-unipolar neuron

Front 3

This is the most common neuron type in humans; > 2 processes emerge from the cell body.

Back 3

Multipolar neuron

Front 4

Name the structures contained within the midbrain and the embryologic derivative.

Back 4

Superior and inferior colliculus; mesencephalon

Front 5

Name the two divisions of the forebrain. What is contained within each division?

Back 5

Telencephalon: neocortex, hippocampus, internal capsule

Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 6

Name the embryologic derivative of the telencephalon and diencephalon.

Back 6

Prosencephalon

Front 7

Name all the hindbrain embryologic derivatives and their associated structures.

Back 7

Rhombencephalon: entire hindbrain

Metencephalon: portion of the rhombencephalon containing the pons and cerebellum

Myelencephalon: portion of the rhombencephalon containing the medulla

Front 8

What myelinating cell is found only in the CNS and can provide support for over 50 axons?

Back 8

oligodendrocyte

Front 9

What is the name of the space found in between myelin segments along an axon?

Back 9

Node of Ranvier

Front 10

What is the name of brain macrophages?

Back 10

Microglia

Front 11

What are the cells that line the ventricles and produce and circulate CSF?

Back 11

Ependymal cells

Front 12

What are the cells that produce myelin in the PNS, and how many axons can each myelinate?

Back 12

Schwann cells; one
(note: Schwann cells can only myelinate a single axon, but they can also surround several axons without myelinating them)

Front 13

In addition to providing myelin in peripheral axons, what other function do Schwann cells perform (analogous to function of microglia in the CNS)?

Back 13

Act as macrophage (remove damaged tissue)

Front 14

Through which structures does the cerebral aqueduct run?

Back 14

Midbrain tectum and tegmentum

Front 15

What forms the lateral boundary of the diencephalon?

Back 15

internal capsule

Front 16

What structure separates the diencephalon into two symmetric halves?

Back 16

third ventricle

Front 17

What is the connection between the two halves of the thalamus (found in most individuals)?

Back 17

massa intermedia

Front 18

Which important structure is found in the epithalamus, and what hormone does it secrete?

Back 18

pineal gland; melatonin

Front 19

What forms the anterior border of the diencephalon?

Back 19

Lamina terminalis

Front 20

Through what structure do thalamic afferents to the cortex run?

Back 20

internal capsule

Front 21

What is the white matter band that divides the thalamic nuclei into groups? Which nucleus is found within this structure?

Back 21

internal medullary lamina; centromedian nucleus

Front 22

What does the posterior region of the thalamus contain?

Back 22

pulvinar, lateral geniculate body, medial geniculate body

Front 23

Where is the reticular thalamic nucleus located, and what type of neurons does it contain?

Back 23

lateral portion of the thalamus; inhibitory neurons

Front 24

What is unique about the reticular thalamic nucleus when compared to other thalamic nuclei?

Back 24

It contains no extra-thalamic projections; all of it's projections terminate in the thalamic nuclei. It is the only thalamic nucleus that is completely GABA-ergic.

Front 25

The connection between which part of the cortex and which nuclei of the thalamus is severed in a pre-frontal lobotomy?

Back 25

dorsomedial nuclei of thalamus and frontal lobe

Front 26

Name the anterior, posterior, inferior, and superior boundaries of the hypothalamus.

Back 26

Anterior: lamina terminalis
Posterior: mamillary bodies
Superior: hypothalamic sulcus
Inferior: optic chiasm and tracts

Front 27

What structure sits on top of the pituitary gland and is at risk for compression if this gland enlarges?

Back 27

optic chiasm

Front 28

Through what structure does information from the hippocampus reach the hypothalamus?

Back 28

fornix

Front 29

Through what structure does information from the amygdala reach the hypothalamus?

Back 29

stria terminalis

Front 30

Through what structure does sensory information from the brainstem/spinal cord reach the hypothalamus?

Back 30

dorsal longitudinal fasiculus

Front 31

How is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary?

Back 31

Neural pathway: axons from the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei through the infundibulum to the posterior pitutitary

Front 32

How is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary?

Back 32

Through blood vessels called the hypophyseal portal veins

Front 33

Describe the role of the anterior hypothalmus on temperature regulation.

Back 33

Detects INCREASES in blood temperature and activates cutaneous vasodilation and sweating. Lesion=HYPERthermia

Front 34

Describe the role of the posterior hypothalmus on temperature regulation.

Back 34

Detects DECREASES in blood temperature and activates cutaneous vasoconstriction and shivering. Lesion=HYPOthermia

Front 35

Which part of the hypothalamus is associated with satiety?

Back 35

Ventromedial

Front 36

Which part of the hypothalamus is associated with feeding?

Back 36

Lateral