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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mycology
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Yeast tubule shape
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d
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Hyphae tubule shape
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j
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Characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi (4)
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j
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How many species of fungi exist?
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j
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How many species of fungi cause infection (pathogenic or opportunistic fungi)?
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j
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Medical Mycology
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j
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Saprophytic
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j
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Pathogenic fungi classifications (2)
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j
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Pathogenic fungi
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j
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Opportunistic fungi
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j
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Mycoses
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j
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Paramycoses
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j
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Reason to study paramycoses in the medical mycology laboratory?
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j
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Taxonomy of fungi
1) Different Kingdoms close to fungi 2) Phyla that fungi are divided into (3) |
j
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Ascomycota morphological features
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j
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Basidiomycota morphological features
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j
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Entomophthoramycota (zygomycota) morphological features
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j
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Pathogenic fungi vs. Opportunistic fungi: Degree of virulence
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j
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Pathogenic fungi vs. Opportunistic fungi: Portal of entry
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j
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Pathogenic fungi vs. Opportunistic fungi: Nature of immunity
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j
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Pathogenic fungi vs. Opportunistic fungi: Status of the host
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j
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Pathogenic fungi vs. Opportunistic fungi: Dimorphism
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Pathogenic fungi vs. Opportunistic fungi: Habitat
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j
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Pathogenic fungi vs. Opportunistic fungi: Geographic location (Epidemiology)
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j
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Paramycoses bacterial organisms
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j
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Paramycoses protist organisms
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j
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Similarities between Actinomycetes and Fungi
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j
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Differences between Actinomycetes and Fungi
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j
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Clinical manifestation of fungi and names of symptoms (3)
- How does the fungus cause symptoms? - Examples for each type |
j
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Defense mechanisms of a healthy individual (3)
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j
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2 types of subclinical infection
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Non-specific defenses against fungi
1) Outside the body 2) Inside the body |
j
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Specific defense against fungi
1) Location 2) Examples |
j
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Predisposition factors (2)
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Intrinsic factors (host related)
1) Types 2) Examples of each |
j
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Extrinsic factors (External to the host)
1) Types 2) Examples |
j
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Structure of fungi wall inside to outside (4)
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j
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In vitro morphology types
1) Hyphae 2) Yeast |
j
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Deuteromycetes sex characteristics
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j
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Yeast dividing
1) Name 2) Types 3) Examples of each |
j
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Zygosporangium
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j
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Sporangium
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j
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Ascospore formation steps (5)
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Cytogamy
1) Definition 2) Result |
j
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Karyogamy
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Basidiomycoma structural features
1) Basidioma 2) Stern 3) Hymenium 4) Pore 5) Tube 6) Cap 7) Basidium 8) Basidiospores |
j
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Yeast asexual stage morphology
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Yeast sexual stage morphology
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Saprophytic (in vitro) morphology (7)
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Invasion (in vivo) morphology (7)
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Hyphae (in vivo)
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Yeast (in vivo)
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Spheres with endopores (in vivo)
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Spheres without endopores (in vivo)
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Sulfur grains (in vivo)
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Sclerotic bodies (in vivo)
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Fungal conidiogenesis
1) Types of Blastic budding |
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Fungal conidiogenesis
1) Types of holoblastic budding (2) |
j
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Fungal conidiogenesis
1) Types of enteroblastic budding (3) |
j
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Fungal conidiogenesis
1) Thallic definition 2) Types of thallic fungi (2) |
j
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Fungal conidiogenesis
1) Other types of conidia (2) |
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Arthrospore
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Macroconidia
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Microconidia
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Chlamydospores (Chlamydoconidia)
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Holoblastic yeast blastospore
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Eneteroblastic yeast blastospore
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Poroconidia
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Annelloconidia
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Phialoconidia
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Septate hyphae
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Aseptate hyphae
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Hyaline hyphae
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Pigmented hyphae (Dematiaceous/Black fungi)
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Favic chandeliers
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Pectinated bodies (comb shape)
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Nodular bodies
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Racquet hyphae
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Spiral coils
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Examples of restricted Mycoses
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Examples of worldwide Mycoses
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Entomophthoromycota and Mucormycota reproductive cycle
1) Asexual cycle 2) Sexual cycle |
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Yeast reproductive cycle
1) Asexual cycle 2) Sexual cycle |
j
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Ascomycetes reproductive cycle
1) Asexual cycle 2) Sexual cycle |
j
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Basidiomycetes reproductive cycle
1) Asexual cycle 2) Sexual cycle |
j
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Mycelium
1) Definition 2) Phyla that produce these |
j
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Actinomycosis
1) Definition 2) Etiology (organisms) 3) Transmission 4) Vector 5) Treatment |
1) Chronic granolomatous infection with sinus tracts discharging purulent material with sulfur grains
2) Actinomyces israelii and Actinomyces bovis 3) Trauma (tooth extraction) 4) Endogenous flora (opportunistic pathogen) 5) Antibiotics |
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Nocardiosis
1) Definition 2) Etiology 3) Transmission 4) Vector |
1) Pulmonary disease of respiratory origin
2) Nocardia spp. (Nocardia asteroides, Nocardia brasiliensis, Nocardia caviae) 3) Inhalation or trauma of skin 4) Soil/Air |
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Actinomycetoma
1) Definition 2) Etiology 3) Transmission 4) Vector |
1) Chronic subcutaneous infection with sinus tracts containing grains of different colors depending on the etiologic agent
2) Actinomadure madurae, Actinomadure pelletieri, Streptomyces somaliensis, Nocardia brasiliens, Nocardia caviae and Nocardia asteroides 3) Trauma of skin into bone 4) Soil |
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Dermatophilosis
1) Definition 2) Etiologic agents 3) Transmission 4) Vector |
1) Pustular and exudative skin infection characterized by scales and crusts skin formation (highly contagious)
2) Dermatophilus congolensis 3) Rain, wet conditions (animal to animal), or trauma and rain, wet conditions (animal to human) 4) Animal with skin lesions |
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Prototheca and chlorella infections
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Transmission 4) Vector |
1) Erythmetous plaques of the skin (immunocompromised = systemic)
2) Prototheca wickerhamil, prototheca zopfii and chlorella protothecoides (green pigment) 3) Trauma and humidity 4) Soil |
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Rhinosporidiosis
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Transmission 4) Vector |
1) Chronic infection of the mucous membranes characterized by polyps on the nose, eyes and genitalia that are soft and bleed easily
2) Rhinosporidium seeberi 3) Trauma of skin 4) Water |
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Pythiosis
1) Definition 2) Immunocompromised disease associated with this 3) Etiological agents 4) Transmission 5) Vector 6) Treatment |
1) A blood vessel disease of immunocompromised and immunocompetent (cutaneous and subcutaneous) individuals (Subcutaneous and systemic infections)
2) B-thalassemia 3) Pythium insidiosum and Lagenidium spp. 4) Zoospores infect skin injuries 5) Wet environments (water, soil) 6) No effective drugs. Needs surgery (immunotherapy) |
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Eumycetomas
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Transmission 4) Vector |
1) Deformed swelling masses with sinus tracts in the feet and hands mostly. Bone involvement is common.
2) Acremonium spp., Curvularia spp., Leptosphaeria spp., Mudurella spp., Scedosporium boydii, Pyrenochaeta romeroi and Fusarium solani 3) Trauma of skin 4) Soil, plant debris |
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Chromoblastomycosis
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Transmission 4) Vector 5) Clinical distinctions |
1) Chronic infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues causing the formation of CAULIFLOWER-LIKE MASSES on the extremities
2) Cladosporium carrionii, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa and Rhinocladiella aquaspersa (Dematiaceous fungi) 3) Trauma of skin 4) Soil, plant debris with spores or hyphae 5) Sclerotic bodies |
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Phaeohyphomycosis
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Trasmission 4) Vector 5) Clinical distinctions |
1) Formation of cutaneous abscesses and granulomatous cysts. Rarely causes systemic dissemination to internal organs.
2) Wangiella dermatitidis, Curvularia spp, Bipolaris spp., and 57 other species (ALL BLACK FUNGI) 3) Trauma of skin 4) Soil, plant debris 5) Pigmented hyphae in infected tissue |
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Sporotrichosis
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Transmission 4) Vector |
1) Chronic cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal infection that spreads from the site of infection to other body areas via the lymphatic vessels
2) Sporothrix schenckii 3) Trauma of skin 4) Plants with thorns or splinters |
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Lacaziosis (Jorge Lobo's disease)
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Transmission 4) Vector 5) Treatment |
1) Disease of subcutaneous tissues that forms cutaeous indurated nodules usually involving the feet, legs, face and others
2) Lacazia loboi 3) Trauma of skin 4) Hydrophilic environments (maybe?) 5) Surgery |
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Subcutaneous zygomycosis
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Transmission 4) Vector 5) Treatments 6) Clinical distinctions |
1) Subcutaneous infection that causes swelling of the nose, legs and lips
2) Basidiobolus ranarum (haptosporus) and Conidiobolus coronatus 3) Trauma of skin 4) Plants, soil, and animal products containing spores 5) Surgery and iodides 6) Aseptate hyphae |
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Blastomycosis (Gilchrist's disease)
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Transmission 4) Vector 5) Epidemiology |
1) Clinical or subclinical infection of the upper respiratory track
2) Blastomyces dermatitidis 3) Inhalation of conidia in air 4) Soil hyphae/air conidia 5) Eastern North America (Unites States) |
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Blastomycosis management
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- Amphotericin B
* No relapse occurs * Meningitis = intrathecal injection * 0.3-1.0 mg/ml - Ketoconazole * Relapse in immunocompromised patients * 400-800 mg/day - Itraconazole * Relapse in immunocompromised patients * 200-400 mg/day |
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Coccidioidomycosis
1) Definition 2) Etiological agent 3) Transmission 4) Vector 5) Epidemiology |
1) Benign, innaparent or severe upper respiratory infection that usually resolves rapidly
2) Coccidioides immitis 3) Inhalation of arthrospores 4) Deserts 5) Deserts in the Americas |
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Coccidioidomycosis management
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- Amphotericin B
* Disseminated cocci * 0.6-0.1 mg/Kg/day * CNS = intrathecal injection - Ketoconazole and Miconazole * imidazoles that are somewhat effective - Fluconazole and Itraconazole * More effective than above imidazoles * 400 mg/day for 6-12 months |
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Histoplasmosis (Darling's disease, Reticuloendoteliosis)
1) Definition 2) Etiological agent 3) Transmission 4) Vector 5) Epidemiology |
1) Subclinical and clinical infection of the lungs that may disseminate to the liver, bone marrow, spleen and lymphatic tissue
2) Histoplasma capsulatum 3) Inhalation 4) Soil/bats 5) Eastern US, Central America and South America |
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Histoplasmosis management
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- Acute histoplasmosis
* Amphotericin B * Itraconazole (alternate) - Chronic disseminated histoplasmosis * Amphotericin B * Ketoconazole * Itraconazole - Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis * Amphotericin B * Itraconazole for AIDS patients |
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Paracoccidioidomycosis
1) Definition 2) Etiological agent 3) Transmission 4) Vector 5) Epidemiology |
1) Chronic, progressive primary pulmonary granulomatous infection that disseminates to the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, GI and other organs
2) Paracocciodioides brasiliensis 3) Inhalation 4) Soil/air 5) Central America and South America |
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Paracoccidioidomycosis management
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- Amphotericin B
- To prevent relapses * Ketoconazole * Itraconazole |
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Cryptococcosis (Busse-Buschke's disease)
1) Definition 2) Etiological agent 3) Transmission 4) Vector 5) Epidemiology |
1) Chronic, sub-acute pulmonary, systemic infection that causes meningitis, most frequently in AIDS patients
2) Crytococcus neoformans (ONLY FUNGUS WITH A CAPSULE) 3) Inhalation than dissemination to SNC 4) Bird droppings 5) Worldwide |
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Cryptococcosis management
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- Amphotericin B initially to cure
- Fluconazole or itraconazole prescribed for life after cure to avoid relapses - Intrathecaly injected for meningitis form |
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Systemic candidiasis
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Transmission 4) Vector |
1) Opportunistic infection usually in immunocompromised patients that can disseminate to other organs and is often fatal
2) Candida albicans and other Candida spp. 3) Drug abuse lowers immune system 4) Normal flora |
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Mucocutaneous Candida management
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- Vulvovaginitis
* Imidazole cream or tablets (Clorotrimazole, Miconazole) - Skin * Cream imidazoles, nystatin - Onycomycoses (nail infection) * Itraconazole, ketoconazole - Systemic zygomycosis * Amphotericin B |
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Aspergillosis
1) Definition 2) Etiological agents 3) Transmission 4) Epidemiology |
1) Infection of the lungs with dissemination to other organs (restricted to severely immunocompromised patients)
2) Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and other spp. 3) Inhalation of asperigili spores 4) Worldwide (opportunistic infection) |
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Aspergillosis management
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- Amphotericin B (liposomal formation)
* Poor prognosis * Most cases diagnosed post mortem |
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Systemic Mucormycosis
1) Definition 2) Pathogenesis 3) Etiological agents 4) Transmission 5) Epidemiology |
1) Acute infection of the respiratory tract
2) Spores initiate disease when defective phagocytic cells are unable to control the infection causing them to spread through blood vessels and cause thrombosis 3) Rhizopus spp., Absidia spp., Mucor spp., Saksenaea and others (ALL ENTOMOPHTHORAMYCOTA) 4) Inhalation of spores 5) Worldwide in immunocompromised patients |
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Systemic Mucormycosis management
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- Amphotericin B (Liposomal formulation)
* Most diagnosed post mortem * Poor prognosis |
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Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
1) Definition 2) Etiological agent 3) Transmission 4) Epidemiology |
1) Fungal pathogen often considered a protist microbe because it CANNOT BE ISOLATED IN PURE CULTURE
2) Pneomocystis jirovecii 3) Opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised hosts mostly, but has been found in the lungs of healthy individuals 4) Worldwide |
