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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does ETHICS ask us?
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Ethics asks us how we should live and how we should treat other people.
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Describe DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS...
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A STATEMENT about values, morals, and beliefs that exist
e.g. Journalists cover companies that compensate them |
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Describe NORMATIVE ETHICS...
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Ethics concerned with establishing a STANDARD OF CORRECTNESS
e.g. Journalists should not report on a company that offers bribes and/or compensation. |
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What are two aspects that guide ETHICAL DECISIONS?
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1. Moral principles (or other moral considerations)
2. Desire to achieve a moral goal |
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How does an understanding of ethics help us in our media careers?
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Just remember DINOSAUR (but drop the DINO part)
S-A-U-R: Sensitize: helps us become more sensitive to moral issues when they are present Articulate: helps us articulate/explain our ethical concerns and our decision-making Understand: helps us understand the moral basis for our decisions Read: helps us read decisions in a morally defensive manner |
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Is the following a fact or myth about ETHICS? Explain.
"Every opinion is equally valid" |
MYTH: The best conclusion is the one that is best supported by the analysis of morally relevant fact, values, and theory
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Is the following a fact or myth about ETHICS? Explain.
"Since we cannot agree on an answer, there is no right answer" |
MYTH: We don't know everything and we are still learning so how can we say there is no right answer?
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Is the following a fact or myth about ETHICS? Explain.
It doesn’t matter – people act in their own self-interest anyway |
It's important to keep in mind that the point of ethical reflection is to determine when it is NOT RIGHT to do what benefits one's self only
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Why is JOURNALISM ETHICS so difficult? 5 Reasons.
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1. It’s rarely a situation of "RIGHT" vs. "WRONG"
2. Each situation can be COMPLEX and involve many issues and questions 3. Principles can CONFLICT 4. CONTEXT is an important element in each decision 5. Each decision is OBJECTIVE. |
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What are the five types of ethical problems?
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1. Ethical Dilemma
2. Ethical Distress 3. Moral Outrage 4. Practical Dilemma 5. Moral Courage |
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What is an ETHICAL DILEMMA?
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Conflicting moral claims:
When there are two or more morally correct actions (evidence on the "right thing" to do is inconclusive), but you can’t do both actions. EXAMPLE: if your kids are hungry but you are too poor to buy food, do you steal the food or let your children starve? |
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What is ETHICAL DISTRESS?
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When you know the right thing to do, but there are external barriers that prevent you from doing it.
EXAMPLE:If someone is being held hostage, you want to tell the police; but, the threat of death prevents you from doing this. |
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What is MORAL OUTRAGE?
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When someone else is acting unethically, but you believe you are powerless to prevent it.
EXAMPLE: A news network finds out that strawberry ice cream extremely bad for your health, but the company threatens to destroy the network if they expose the truth. |
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What is a PRACTICAL DILEMMA?
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When moral claims (what you should do) compete with non-moral claims (what you want to do). Self interest vs. moral correctness.
EXAMPLE: You find money on the ground. The right thing to do is find the owner – but you need money and could easily keep it due to your own self interest. |
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What is MORAL COURAGE?
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The ability to overcome fear of potential jeopardy to prevent or stop injustice.
EXAMPLE: There is a fight going on and you intervene even though you may get punched. |
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What are the LEVELS OF MORAL RESPONSE?
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1. Expressive
2. Pre-reflective 3. Reflective |
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Explain the EXPRESSIVE moral response?
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The expressive moral response uses FEELINGS TO JUSTIFY THE RIGHTNESS/WRONGNESS OF AN ACTION
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Explain the PRE-REFLECTIVE moral response?
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The pre-reflective moral response uses VALUES, RULES, AND PRINCIPLES THAT ARE ACCEPTED UNCRITICALLY.
EXAMPLE: The pre-reflective moral response would be to avoid j-walking because it is illegal. |
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Explain the REFLECTIVE moral response?
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The reflective moral response justifies actions based on PRINCIPLES, RULES, AND VALUES THAT ARE CONSCIOUSLY ACCEPTED AND CAN BE JUSTIFIED.
EXAMPLE: I don't wear leather because I don't like the way they kill cows) |
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What are the 5 ETHICAL THEORIES?
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1. VIRTUE
2. DUTY (or Deontology) 3. CONSEQUENCE (or Teleology) 4. RIGHTS 5. LOVE |
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Explain the theory of DUTY/DEONTOLOGY ETHICS...
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The deontological theory states that people should adhere to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma. This means that a person will follow his or her obligations to another individual or society because upholding one's duty is what is considered ethically correct
EXAMPLE: a deontologist will always keep his promises to a friend. A person who follows this theory will produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on a set of duties. |
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What is Kant's CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE?
And what are the moral obligations he outlines? |
An unconditional and universal moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose.
Moral Obligations: 1. Act the way you want everyone else to act 2. Don't treat others only as a means to your own goals 3. Each person is an autonomous agent and should be treated/respected as such 4. Moral rules are absolute -- no exceptions 5. Perfect duties must be observed at every opportunity. DO NOT: harm, kill, lie & KEEP PROMISES. |
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What are some of the CRITIQUES of DUTY/DEONTOLOGY ETHICS?
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What is a VIRTUE?
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Virtues are complex learned dispositions that enable individuals to perceive, feel and act appropriately in response to challenges in communal life. For example: Honesty, patience, kindness, fairness, gratitude, courage, self-respect (highest for Aristotle).
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Explain the theory of VIRTUE ETHICS...
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The virtue ethical theory judges a person by his CHARACTER rather than by an action that may deviate from his normal behavior. It takes the person's morals, reputation and motivation into account when rating an unusual and irregular behavior that is considered unethical.
EXAMPLE: if a person plagiarized a passage that was later detected by a peer, the peer who knows the person well will understand the person's character and will be able to judge the friend. |
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What is the difference between a VIRTUE and a VALUE?
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A VIRTUE is a characteristic that you have developed (the way you act). In contrast, you can VALUE something without ever possessing the appropriate virtue(s).
*Not all values are virtues. EXAMPLE: You can value honesty, but doesn’t mean you have the virtue of honesty. |
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Aristotle
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l
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Aristotle's Mean
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Middle ground
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What does VIRTUE THEORY ask?
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Blah
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Explain the theory of RIGHTS/JUSTICE ETHICS?
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In the rights ethical theory the rights set forth by a society are protected and given the highest priority. The theory is concerned with the cooperative nature of society that distributes benefits and burdens. Rights are considered to be ethically correct and valid since a large or ruling population endorses them. Individuals may also bestow rights upon others if they have the ability and resources to do so.
EXAMPLE: a person may say that her friend may borrow the car for the afternoon. The friend who was given the ability to borrow the car now has a right to the car in the afternoon. |
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Explain John Rawl's VEIL OF IGNORANCE...
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Social decisions made so that each person in the deliberation is
ignorant of what his or her position in society would be. |
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Explain Rawls’ PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE...
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Each person should be permitted the maximum amount of basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others;
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Explain Rawls' DIFFERENCE PRINCIPLE...
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Once this basic liberty is assured, inequalities in social primary goods are to be allowed only if they benefit everyone (especially least well-off).
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Explain Rawls' FAIR OPPORTUNITY PRINCIPLE...
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No person should receive social benefits on the basis of undeserved advantageous properties and no person should be denied social benefits on the basis of undeserved disadvantageous properties.
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Explain the theory of CONSEQUENTIALISM...
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The utilitarian ethical theory is founded on the ability to predict the consequences of an action. To a utilitarian, the choice that yields the greatest benefit to the most people is the choice that is ethically correct.
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What is the PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY?
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Greatest good for the greatest number
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What the difference between CLASSIC/ACT UTILITARIANISM and RULE UTILITARIANISM?
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In act utilitarianism, a person performs the acts that benefit the most people, regardless of personal feelings or the societal constraints such as laws and actions are judged right or wrong solely by virtue of their consequences.
Rule utilitarianism, however, takes into account the law and is concerned with fairness. A rule utilitarian seeks to benefit the most people but through the fairest and most just means available. Therefore, added benefits of rule utilitarianism are that it values justice and includes beneficence at the same time |
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What are some critiques of Utilitarianism?
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- The disutility of one person may outweigh everyone else’s utility
- How do you measure happiness? - How do we differentiate between higher (“intellectual” pleasures) and lower pleasures (“animal” pleasures) - Should happiness always be the sole end of our actions? (some argue it should be self-satisfaction, money, equity, etc) - Are consequences really all that matter in determining whether an action is ‘right’? - Is utilitarianism compatible with justice or rights? (with human rights and being fair) - Good for allocating resources, but does need more to temper it. - Theory is too demanding (if there are two people drowning and one is your child, you cannot take into account both without bias – too demanding). |
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Explain the FEMINIST APPROACH to moral theory...
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BLAH
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