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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What are the main roles andresponsibilities of journalists? |
Informing the public Being honest Delivering truthful news Unbiased opinion Report things that are within the public interestPrivacy laws |
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2. Which are Habermas’ criteria for an ‘idealspeech situation’ and what do they mean? |
He argues that an ‘ideal speech situation’ is found when communication between individuals is controlled by basic implied rules |
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3. What is a ‘public sphere’? |
Public sphere = Public opinion Civic space (the coffee house) in which citizens could meet to discuss matters of political importance this would be wealthier middle class white males These would be free from the influences of The market place The state The family |
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4. How instrumental was the printingpress in the creation of modern public spheres? |
People could print what they wanted Before that copies of things had to be written out by hand. It made it much easier to spread news of public interest (importance) quickly Radical press was initiated in 19th century as of the printing press |
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5. How does the media fulfil its role as a‘fourth estate’? |
- Challenges parliament keeps them in check Societal political force in the form of news media - Writing within in the news to influence politics E.g. the telegraph - The government had interest in taking down the paper as it was so involved in the parliament - Conservative paper |
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6. What are the four main pressures facing journaliststoday? |
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7. How does the quest for profit affect thequality and practices of print journalism? |
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8. Is media regulation necessary and why? |
-Peoples privacy is important; the press can’t post what they wish -Democracy is in danger as it focuses more on celebrity gossip the public is unaware of important information so can’t make informed democratic decisions -Needs to be more regulated as the news needs to be more factual as leads to the dumbing down of society -Injunctions, there should be more media regulation and a set media regulation as people like john terry can hide affairs and normal society cannot afford £5000 and if people are using injunctions to hide their private life what are the government hiding? -Therefore, regulation is necessary for people to feel in confidence that their private life can remain private to some extent |
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9. How can media ownership affectoutput? |
The owners e.g. (Rupert Murdoch) can control what is seen and published on tv, radio, magazines and newspapers News of the world, the times, the sun – made the sun about entertainment as of profit. He was conservative and supported the Tories therefore his views and opinions were reflected in his newspaper Large companies have the most finance and therefore dominate smaller companies Profit orientated, more advertising and more entertainment based news as that is what is in the interest of the public which will increase sales and profit They also have most recognition so when smaller companies try to compete larger companies can drop prices and disregard the smaller companies |
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10. How has the internet affected journalism? |
-Many ways, like blogs and social networking allow people to see the news quickly and it's easier -People can discuss the news which you can’t do with papers, like on Twitter n stuff -Google is a search engine so people can quickly search a story instead of reading a whole paper |
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11. Why is celebrity journalism and‘soft’ news criticised? |
-Not seen as important factual and educational news -Just gossip -Not intellectual |
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12. What are ‘News Values’? |
General guidelines used to decide how important a story is and how much fame you give to it. Galtung and Ruge 1965 Frequency – stories that happen in a short period of time, breaking news, news is a constant feed Negativity – conflict, less expected events therefore worthy of being news Unexpectedness – Things we don’t expect to happen, the bizarre, news often made fun(world records) Proximity – local news stories given more importance so audiences understand and relate to the news, local news many vary depending on what is considered news worthy within that culture --Elite people and nations – these people are more likely to be put in the news, the US is a bigger country therefore their news is likely to be our news as they are an elite nation |
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13. What are the core principles of theBBC? |
- toeducate -entertain -inform |
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14. What are the main challenges facing the BBC today? |
- competitors -channel4 as they don’t commission their own things |
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15. What is Public Service Broadcasting? |
-Complete change form traditional TV -Informative and informational -Positive effect on people’s minds People that would not usually be targeted by TV (ages, religion etc.) - A certain type of broadcasting that is considered a public service - The BBC is an example of this - Everyone has access no matter where in the country - Cultural and citizenship everyone has an idea what being British is about, brings people together such as the Olympics and the royal wedding - People of different ages, gender and religions are all catered for Competition for quality, protects certain standard such as the BBC its seen as the perfect model |
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16. Is 21st century PublicService Broadcasting ‘dumbing down’ or ‘braining up’? |
-The public seem to be more interested in soft news and celebrity gossip therefore the commercial -TV owners being profit orientated broadcast this media more than factual and important news however -PSB share more factual news as we fund this through our TV licenses they don’t need advertisements and they have a duty to cater for everyone -PSB are less concerned for making profit Commercial are the opposite and just show what gets the highest ratings and the majority decide what is being shown. |
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17. What are the main arguments of theFrankfurt School? |
Ideologyand culture “CultureIndustry” 1947 Popculture and mass Mediaproduce inferior culture “allmass culture is identical” Lackof intellectual stimulation Loosingour intention spans commercialisation Identicalmedia once something is successful it is copied |
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18. What are the main criticismsagainst the arguments of the Frankfurt School? |
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19.Are the arguments of the Frankfurt School still relevant today? |
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20. What are some of the key criticisms ofmedia effects research? |
How they assume the media have an effect “Researchers begin with the idea that the media is to blame” – Gauntlett 2011 Large amounts of the research are carried out on children Children are ‘unsophisticated’ viewers proving invalid research “These 12 year olds have already mastered the skills we attempted to teach”- (Buckingham, Fraser Mayman 1990) Bobo doll, synthetic environment non accurate results Selective choice of media, the media shown tends to be fictional and non realistic The researchers themselves deny that they are effected by the media (think its just children) Researchers can intentionally miss things and they want to prove their point to reach the results they want Hypothesis’ are built from assumptions and not theory |
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21. What are the main arguments of the PoliticalEconomy perspective? |
-They believe all profit is theft -They believe Marxism The rich own all means of production -The majority work for the minority (poor work for rich) -Large companies have the most power and are profit orientated -Funding means more advertisement which means better profit which means more money going back into advertising creating a cycle - Don’t like competition therefore big companies can afford to drop prices making smaller companies suffer - More entertainment based content as profit orientated |
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22. How does the pluralist perspective viewthe current media environment? |
-Challenge the Marxist views -Owners of the media do not have direct control of the media - No dominant class – competing social groups Media content is not ideological – doesn’t just reflect owner’s interests -Known as liberal perspective Journalist are able to seek out any type of news worthy story - Media content is there to meet the means of its audience - Audience choose the content they wish to read or watch - Any biased merely reflect the audiences interest as they have the final say in what they wish to view |
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27. What are the four categoriesdiscussed in Uses & Gratifications theory (Katz at al 1974) |
Cognitive needs – stimulation Affective needs – needs to be cheered up, wallow laugh Social needs – talk to people about the programme Tension release – action films |
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28.What role does television play in national public spheres? |
- It allows the world to connect as - TV allows the news to be broadcasted worldwide Such as the Royal Wedding Queens coronation -Teaches other people different cultures |
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29. What are the effects ofsegmentation on the public sphere? |
Media divides themselves up into niche parts aimed at different groups - People pick and choose what they want Not everyone see major events -Radio – distinct channels Music interests Personal choice - Age & musical taste - What you watch/listen to reflects your personality, personal touch on the media, individual, no longer the sense of community |
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30. Evaluate Katz’s (2000) argumentthat “television is dead” |
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31. What opportunities and challenges doesthe internet create for democracy? |
-Opportunities, makes voters more knowledgeable and better informed with current affairs - Internet – social media – positive and negative effect as people can share ideas with people from different cultures creating opinions (conflict) and open mind |
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32. What is the ‘24/7 news cycle’? |
-The 24-hour news cycle (or 24/7 news cycle) refers to 24-hour investigation and reporting of news, concomitant with fast-paced lifestyles. - The vast news resources available in recent decades have increased competition for audience and advertiser attention, prompting media providers to deliver the latest news in the most compelling manner in order to remain ahead of competitors. - Television, radio, print, online, and apps for news all have many suppliers who want to be relevant to their audiences and deliver news first. |
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33. How might globalisation lead tocultural dilution? |
-Cultures are merging into a whole there will be no distinct difference - Our news is other countries news - Local news papers cannot competition therefore bigger global news companies will share their news worldwide |
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34. What is media imperialism? |
-Media imperialism is a theory based upon an over-concentration of mass media from larger nations as a significant variable in negatively affecting smaller nations - The national identity of smaller nations is lessened or lost due to media homogeneity inherent in mass media from the larger countries. |
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35. Outline some of the emergingnegative effects of the internet |
-Many ways, like blogs and social networking allow people to see the news quickly and it's easier -People can discuss the news which you can’t do with papers, like on Twitter n stuff -Google is a search engine so people can quickly search a story instead of reading a whole paper |
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36. What is the ‘filter bubble’?(Pariser 2011) |
•Media outlets e.g Google, Facebookpersonalise your searches (race, gender, location) •You only see a proportion of what ison the internet •You don’t get to choose what you see-takes independent searches away from people •Dictates what they can and cannotknow |
