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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the first newspaper published in the US? Characteristics? |
Publick Occurences -Boston -banned after 1 issue because of sensationalism -lots of text |
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Which trial helped set the foundation for the First Amendment? Why? |
Crown v. John Peter Zenger -libel law stated you cannot criticize members of the government -Zenger "Truth is a defense" which was recognized by the courts and later recognized as law |
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How has the Internet changed the print newspaper industry? |
-most popular news sources are online news aggregates -advertising has moved online -classifieds have moved online |
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What is the wire service, how did it develop, how did it contribute to the idea of news? |
The wire service allowed for the coverage of the civil war via telegraph and developed a new story structure: most important to least important information |
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What are the challenges that print newspapers face today? |
-people have moved to online news -most pop. online news sites are not run by newspapers -online portals - news aggregates -online TV news sites -bloggers - news aggergates -advertisers have moved online -classifieds move online |
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What are the defining characteristics of partisan press papers? |
Stage 1 - Partisian Presses -anti-british -broke libel law -political parties sponsored newspapers -disseminate political party views -wealthy, educated readers -covered politics + classifieds |
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Who is John Peter Zenger? |
A printer for New York Weekly Journal who argued that truth is a defense and that calling people out was a right of the people. |
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What are the defining characteristics of the penny press? |
Stage 2 - Penny Presses -non partisan -adopted ads to fund newspapers -targeted working class readers/majority -innovations: interviewing, timeliness, enterainment + sports, human interest, crime -price lowered -telegraph changed how news was spread -developed foreign correspondents |
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What were some important innovations during the penny press period? |
Interviewing, timeliness, human interest stories, sports +entertainment, crime, wire service, foreign correspondents |
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What are the defining characteristics of yellow journalism? |
Stage 3 - Yellow Journalism -hearst and pulitzer -redesigned the look of newspapers: illustrations + big headlines -targeted newly literate masses -sensational and lowbrow -scandal,crime,disaster,society,cartoons -use of photographs 1900 |
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Who are Hearst and Pulitzer? |
Newspaper publishers both based in New York during Yellow Journalism's heyday |
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Who was the audience for yellow journalism? |
-literate masses -common people who would be interested in sensational stories |
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Who was the original audience for Och’s New York Times? Why? |
-high brow wealthy people -it was like a status symbol |
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What are the defining characteristics of objective journalism? |
Stage 4 - Objective Journalism -essentially the opposite of yellow journalism -inverted pyramid style -more scientific "credible" sources -competing viewpoints - balance, objectivity -The NY times -limited in ability to provide context |
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What is the inverted pyramid style of news? |
most important to least important information |
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Why did interpretive journalism arise? |
After the lack of information about world war 1 people became more concerned about what was happening and the press needed to help the public understand the information more |
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What are the defining characteristics of interpretive journalism? |
Stage 5 - Interpretive Journalism -lack of understanding during WW1 -arose from public need of understanding -value based -explains complex national/global issues |
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What are the defining characteristics of literary journalism? |
Stage 6 - Literary Journalism -news stories use fictional storytelling techniques |
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How has Cosmopolitan evolved overtime? |
-started as a childcare and decorating magazine -evolved into a literary magazine due to increase in mass literary -1905 muckraking progressive magazine -women's rights movement Cosmo becomes "Fun, Fearless, Female" |
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What is muckraking? |
-reform-minded journalism -typically long-form -the action of searching out and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way |
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Why did early magazines struggle in the US? What type of content did the first magazines have? Who was their audience? |
-no substantial middle class -no widespread literacy -no advanced printing technology -content was general interest how-tos -content- similar to newspapers, political (persuasive) -audience was educated, wealthy, and/or property owners |
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Why did magazines become popular after 1880? |
-increases in literacy and public education -development of faster printing technologies (industrial era) -improvements in mail delivery -photographs began to be featured in magazines |
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What types of magazines were the four general interest giants? |
Time - interpretive journalism Life - power of the visual, photojournalism Reader's Digest - literary guide/magazine Saturday Evening Post - general interest, literary |
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How did the general interest giant magazines attract a large audience? |
-helped create an "american" identity during times of social change -visuals allow magazines to appeal to everyone -universal themes are used: family, sports, religion/holidays, kids, love, entertainment, pets, patriotism, pets, celebrities/fashion, work ethic |
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Today, magazines are defined by what characteristics? |
-specialization -magazines are created for niche audiences -visuals and magazine design |
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What are some issues associated with photographs in the digital age? |
-digital images are easily altered and manipulated -loss of veracity and proof -lifestyle magazines staged and digitally enhanced -create unrealistic lifestyle fantasies |
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What were the differences between newspapers and magazines throughout the 1700s and 1800s? |
During the beginning there was nothing different. They literally re-printed stuff from newspapers. -more focus on individualism -give advice about lifestyles |
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Colonial Stage |
Stage 1 -persuasion is primary focus -general interest how tos -similar to newspapers -served educated and elite |
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General Interest |
Stage 2 -national magazines -Four Giants: Saturday Evening Post, Life, Time, Reader's Digest -provide "American Identity" during times of social change -unite america over universal themes |
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Muckrakers |
Stage 3 -long-form journalism called for social and political reform -seeks to expose corruption |
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Photojournalism |
Stage 4 -expanded surveillance function of news -visuals made authentic and real magazines -power of image to create social reform -despair/humanity, excitement/entertainment |
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Specialization |
Stage 5 -cater to many lifestyles -niche audiences served |
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What are the two major influences of media industries? |
-profit -government regulation -cost-cutting |
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How did the First Amendment regulate media industries? |
-made it so the media industries could express whatever ideas they wanted -public interest values |
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What did the FCC require the radio industry to do in 1943? What was the result in terms ofownership? |
-local radio broadcasting cannot reach more than 35% of the nation's homes -went from two national radio chains to three radio chains (NBC, CBS) --> (NBC, ABC, CBS) |
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What were the FCC rules regulating media ownership in the 60s and 70s? |
-rules limit multiple ownerships and cross-ownership markets -if there are 7 TV stations in a market you can only own 2 -cannot own a radio station and a TV station in the same market -own up to 7 TV stations in the US -own up to 40 radio stations in the US |
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In which decade did deregulation start in the media industry? |
1980 |
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What did the FCC deregulate in the 1980s? Give examples. |
FCC Ownership rules, Ad minutes, Fairness Doctrine, Non-entertainment requirement -you can now own up to 12 TV stations -owner may reach up to 45% of a given market/city -owner may reach up to 39% of the US market -license renewals no longer use "public interest" consideration |
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What happened when the FCC deregulated the amount of ads shown per hour on the radio andbroadcast TV between the mid-1980s and today? |
-They increased immensely |
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What economic trend occurred in the 1980s in all media industries? Was consolidation acrossmedia or within media? |
The rise of chains and consolidations within media industries |
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What is a multimedia conglomerate? What FCC deregulation led to their existence? |
Two or more companies under a parent company. Telecommunications act of 1996. |
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Why are sub-companies, such as Random House or the Wall Street Journal, marketed as if theyare independent companies by parent companies? |
Gives consumers the illusion of choice. |
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Why are multimedia conglomerates successful? |
They use economics of scale and create barriers of entry into the market for independent companies. -control 90 % of US media |
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What is synergy? |
the promotion and sale of different versions of a media product across the various subsidiaries of a conglomerate |
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Today, how many media companies control 90% of the US media market? |
Six |
