Med Term Chapter 5

Front 1

heart

Back 1

receives blood from the veins and pumps blood into arteries

Front 2

blood vessels

Back 2

transport blood to and from all areas of the body

Front 3

capillaries

Back 3

permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and the cells

Front 4

veins

Back 4

return blood from all body parts to heart

Front 5

blood

Back 5

brings oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away waste

Front 6

cardiovascular

Back 6

pertaining to heart and blood vessels

Front 7

pericardium (pericardial sac)

Back 7

double- walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

Front 8

parietal pericardium

Back 8

fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart

Front 9

pericardialfluid

Back 9

found between these two layers, where it acts as lubricant to prevent friction as heart beats

Front 10

visceral pericardium

Back 10

inner layer of pericardium that forms outer layer of heart

Front 11

epicardium

Back 11

external layer of the heart and inner layer of pericardium

Front 12

myocardim

Back 12

middle and thickest of heart's three layers. Capable of constant contraction and relaxation of muscle that creates pumping movement

Front 13

endocardium

Back 13

inner lining of heart

Front 14

atria

Back 14

two upper chambers of heart. Divided by interatrial septum. receiving chambers.

Front 15

ventricles

Back 15

two lower chambers of heart, chambers divided by interventricular septum

Front 16

tricuspid valve

Back 16

controls opening between right atrium and right ventricle. has three cusps

Front 17

pulmonary semilunar valve

Back 17

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Shaped like half-moon

Front 18

aortic semilunar valve

Back 18

located between left ventricle and aorta

Front 19

Blood Flow Through heart

Back 19

R Atrium

R Ventricle

L Atrium

L Ventricle

Oxygen-poor is returned by vanae cavae to R atrium

Front 20

right atrium

Back 20

receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except lungs, through he superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of RA through tricupsid valve into RV

Front 21

right ventricle

Back 21

pumps oxygen-poor blood through pulmonary semilunar valve and into pulmonary artery, which carries it to lungs.

Front 22

left atrium

Back 22

receives oxygen rich blood from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins. Blood flows out LA, through mitral valve, into LV

Front 23

left ventricle

Back 23

receives OR blood from left atrium. Blood flows out of LV through aortic semilunar valve and into aorta, to all parts of body

Front 24

pulmonary circulation

Back 24

floow of blood only between heart and lungs

Front 25

pulmonary arteries

Back 25

carry deO blood out of right ventricle and into lungs. ONLY place where arteries carry deO blood.

Front 26

pulmonary veins

Back 26

carry O Blood from lungs into LA of heart. Only place in body where veins carry O blood.

Front 27

systemic circulation

Back 27

includes flow of blood to all parts of body EXCEPT lungs

Front 28

heartbeat

Back 28

ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body. Contraction and relaxation of heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence.

Front 29

sinoatrial node (SA)

Back 29

located in posterior wall of RA near enterance of superior vena cava

-established basic rhythm and rate of heartbeat

-impulse spreads over muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously

Front 30

atrioventricular node

Back 30

located on floor of right atrium.

-transmits electrical impulses onward to bundle of HIS

Front 31

Bundle of His

Back 31

group of fibers located within interventricular septum

-carry electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions.

-travel onward to right and left ventricles and purkinje fibers

Front 32

purkinje fibers

Back 32

specialized conductive fibers located within walls of ventricles

-relate electrical impulses to cells of ventricles, causes ventricles to contract.

-Forces blood out of heart and into aorta and pulmonary arteries

Front 33

sinus rhythm

Back 33

refers to normal beating of the heart

Front 34

P wave

Back 34

due to stimulation of atria

Front 35

QRS complex

Back 35

shows stimulation of ventricles. Atria relax as ventricles contract.

Front 36

T wave

Back 36

recovery of ventricles

Front 37

arteries

Back 37

large blood vessels that carry blood away frm heart to all regions of body

Front 38

How many layers in walls of arteries

Back 38

3

Front 39

aorta

Back 39

largest blood vessel in body. Begins from left ventricle of heart and forms main trunk of arterial system

Front 40

carotid arteries

Back 40

major arteries that carry blood upward to head

Front 41

common carotid artery

Back 41

each side of the neck

Front 42

internal carotid artery

Back 42

brings oxygen rich blood to brain

Front 43

external carotid artery

Back 43

brings blood to face

Front 44

arterioles

Back 44

smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

Front 45

capillaries

Back 45

smallest blood vessels in body. Form networks of expanded vascular beds that deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells of tissues

Front 46

lymph

Back 46

10% of fluid left behind in tissues from capillary beds

Front 47

veins

Back 47

low-pressue collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

Front 48

venules

Back 48

smallest veins that join to form larger veins

Front 49

superficial veins

Back 49

located near body surface

Front 50

deep veins

Back 50

within tissues and away from body surface

Front 51

venae cavae

Back 51

two largest veins in body. Return blood to heart

Front 52

superior vena cava

Back 52

transports blood from upper portion of body to the heart

Front 53

inferior vena cava

Back 53

transport blood from lower portion f body to heart

Front 54

pulse

Back 54

rhythmic pressure against walls of artery caused by contraction of heart

Front 55

blood pressure

Back 55

measurement of aount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

Front 56

systolic pressure

Back 56

occurs when ventricles contract, highest pressure against walls of artery

Front 57

diastolic pressure

Back 57

ventricles are relaxed. Lowest pressure against walls of artery

Front 58

Blood Composition

Back 58

55% liquid plasma

45% formed elements

Front 59

plasma

Back 59

straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, waste products. 91% water

9% mostly proteins

Front 60

serum

Back 60

plasma fluid after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed

Front 61

fibrinogen and Prothrombin

Back 61

clotting proteins in plasma

Front 62

erythrocytes

Back 62

mature red blood cells produced by red bone marrow. Transport oxygen to tissues

Front 63

hemoglobin

Back 63

oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of erythrocytes

Front 64

leukocytes

Back 64

white blood cells involved in defending against infective organisms and foreign substances

Front 65

neutrophils

Back 65

most common type of WBC.

Front 66

basophils

Back 66

least common type of WBC, cause symptoms of allergies

Front 67

eosinophils

Back 67

formed in RBM and migrate to tissues throughout body. Destroy parasitic organisms and play major role in allergic reactions

Front 68

lymphocytes

Back 68

RBM, lymph nodes, spleen. Identify foreign substances and germs and produce antibodies that specifically target them

Front 69

monocytes

Back 69

RBM, lymph nodes, spleen. Use phagocytosis to provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

Front 70

thrombocytes

Back 70

platelets, smallest formed elements of blood. Clot blood.

Front 71

Rh factor

Back 71

defines presence or absence of Rh antigen on RBC.

Front 72

% of Rh antigen

Back 72

85% pos

15% neg

Front 73

blood gases

Back 73

gases that are normally dissolved in liquid porion of blood.

O2, CO2, N2

Front 74

hematologist

Back 74

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, disorders of blood and blood forming tissues

Front 75

vascular surgeon

Back 75

diagnosis, med management surgical treatment of disorders of blood vessels

Front 76

congential heart defects

Back 76

structural abnormalities caused by failure of heart to develop normally before birth

Front 77

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Back 77

artherosclerosis of coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to heart muscle. Insufficient supply of oxygen

Front 78

artherosclerosis

Back 78

hardening and narrowing of arteries caused by buildup of cholesterol plaque on interior walls of arteries

Front 79

plaque

Back 79

fatty deposit that is similar to buildup of rust inside a pipe

Front 80

artheroma

Back 80

deposit of plaque on or within arterial wall

Front 81

ischemic heart disease

Back 81

group of cardiac disabilities resulting from insufficient supply of O blood to heart

Front 82

ischemia

Back 82

condition in which insufficient supply of O Blood in tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body

Front 83

angina

Back 83

condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to inadequate blood flow to myocardium

Front 84

stable angina

Back 84

during exertion (excersize) and resolves with rest

Front 85

unstable angina

Back 85

during exertion or rest, precursor to myocardial infarction

Front 86

myocardial infarction

Back 86

heart attack

Front 87

infarction

Back 87

sudden insufficiency or blood

Front 88

infarct

Back 88

localized area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood

Front 89

heart failure (congestive heart failure)

Back 89

occurs most commonly in elderly. Heart unable to pump out all blood it receives

Front 90

cardiomyopathy

Back 90

term used to describe all diseases of heart muscle

Front 91

dialated cardiomyopathy

Back 91

heart muscle that causes heart to become enlarged and pump less strongly.

Front 92

heart murmur

Back 92

abnormal blowing or clicking sound hearing when listeneing to heart or neighboring large blood vessels

Front 93

valvulitis

Back 93

inflammation of heart valve

Front 94

valvular prolapse

Back 94

abnormal protrusion of heart valve that results in inability of valve to close completely

Front 95

valvular stenosis

Back 95

condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, blockage of one or more valves in heart

Front 96

arrthymia

Back 96

loss of normal rhythm of hearbeat

Front 97

asystole

Back 97

flat line. complete lack of electrical activity in the heart

Front 98

cardiac arrest

Back 98

heart abruptly stops beating or develops arrythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively

Front 99

sudden cardiac death

Back 99

hen treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes

Front 100

bradycardia

Back 100

abnormally slow resting heart rate

Front 101

tachycardia

Back 101

abnormally rapid resting heart rate. usually higher than 100 bpm

Front 102

palpitation

Back 102

pounding or racing heartbeat with/without irregularity in rhythm. Can occur during panic attack

Front 103

fibrillation

Back 103

rapid and uncontrolled heartbeat

Front 104

atrial fibrillation (A-Fib)

Back 104

normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, irregular twitching of muscular heart wall. Irregular and quivering action of atria

Front 105

paroxysmal supraventricular tachiycardia (PVST)

Back 105

begins/ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regulr heartbeats that originate in atrium or AV node.

Front 106

ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib)

Back 106

rapid, irregular, useless contractions of ventricles

Front 107

ventricular tachycardia (V-Tach)

Back 107

very rapid heartbeat that begins within ventricles. Potentially fatal

Front 108

vasculitis

Back 108

inflammation of blood vessel.

Front 109

polyarteritis

Back 109

form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at same time

Front 110

temporal arteritis

Back 110

giant cell arteritis. Causes headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain.

Front 111

angiostenosis

Back 111

abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

Front 112

hemangioma

Back 112

benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

Front 113

hypoperfusion

Back 113

deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

Front 114

aneursym

Back 114

localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of wall of artery

Front 115

arteriosclerosis

Back 115

hardening of arteries

Front 116

ateriostenosis

Back 116

abnormal narrowing of artery

Front 117

chronic venous insufficiency

Back 117

venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to leakage of venous valves. Feet and ankles.

Front 118

phlebitis/thrombophlebitis

Back 118

inflammation of a vein

Front 119

varicose veins

Back 119

abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in superficial veins of the legs

Front 120

thrombosis

Back 120

abnormal condition of having a thrombus (clot)

Front 121

thrombus

Back 121

blood clot attached to interior wall of artery or vein

Front 122

thrombotic occlusion

Back 122

blocking of artery by thrombuss

Front 123

coronary thrombosis

Back 123

damage to heart muscle caused by thrombus blocking a coronary artery

Front 124

deep vein thrombosis

Back 124

having thrombus attached to interior wall of deep vein

Front 125

embolism

Back 125

sudden blockage of blood vessel by embolus

Front 126

peripheral vascular diseases

Back 126

disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of heart and brain.

Front 127

peripheral arterial occlusive disease

Back 127

peripheral vascular disease that is caused by artherosclerosis. elderly

Front 128

Raynaud's Disease

Back 128

peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggeres by cold or stress.

Front 129

blood dyscrasia

Back 129

pathologic condition of cellular elements of blood.

Front 130

hemochromatosis

Back 130

iron overload disease. Genetic disorder in which intestines absorb too much iron.

Front 131

leukopenia

Back 131

low white blood cell count. Decrease in number of WBC

Front 132

polycythemia

Back 132

abnormal increase in number or red cells in blood due to excess production of these cells by bone marrow

Front 133

septicemia/ bacteremia

Back 133

sudden onset of symptoms: fever, chills, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate. Bacterial infection in blood stream.

Front 134

thrombocytopenia

Back 134

abnormally small number of plateletes circulating in blood.

Front 135

thromocytosis

Back 135

abnormal increase in number of platelets in circulating blood.

Front 136

hemmorrhage

Back 136

loss of large amount of blood in short time

Front 137

transfusion reaction

Back 137

serious, potentially fatal complication of blood transfusion

Front 138

cholesterol

Back 138

fatty substance that travels through blood and is found in all parts of body

Front 139

hyperlipidemia

Back 139

general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in blood

Front 140

low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Back 140

bad cholesterol

Front 141

high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Back 141

good cholesterol

Front 142

myelodysplastic syndrome

Back 142

group of bone marrow disorders that are characterized by insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of bone marrow

Front 143

leukemia

Back 143

type of cancer characterized by progressive increase in number of abnormal leukocytes

Front 144

anemia

Back 144

lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes in blood.

Front 145

aplastic anemia

Back 145

absence of all formed blood elements caused by failure of blood cell production in bone marrow

Front 146

hemolytic anemia

Back 146

characterized by inadequate number or circulating red blood cells due to premature destruction of RBC by spleen

Front 147

iron-deifiency anemia

Back 147

most common form. iron deficiency

Front 148

megaloblastic anemia

Back 148

blood disorder characterized by anemia in which RBC are larger than normal

Front 149

pernicious anemia

Back 149

lack of protein intrinsic factor, helps absorb B12 from GI tract.

Front 150

sickle cell anemia

Back 150

genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some RBC assuminf abnormal sickle shape.

Front 151

thalassemia

Back 151

inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer RBC than normal

Front 152

hypertension

Back 152

high blood pressure

Front 153

essential/primary/idiopathic hypertension

Back 153

elevated blood pressure of unknown cause

Front 154

secondary hypertension

Back 154

caused by different medical problem

Front 155

malignant hypertension

Back 155

very high BP.

Front 156

hypotension

Back 156

lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure

Front 157

orhtostatic/postural hypotension

Back 157

low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

Front 158

angiography

Back 158

study of blood vessels adter injection of contrast medium

Front 159

cardiac catheterization

Back 159

catheter passed into vein or rtery and guided into heat.

Front 160

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

Back 160

combines angiography with computerized components to clarify view of area of interest by removing soft tissue and bones from image

Front 161

duplex ultrasound

Back 161

image structures of blood vessels and flow of blood through vessels

Front 162

phlebography

Back 162

radiogrpahic test that provdes image of leg veins after contrast dye is added.

Front 163

electrocardipgraphy

Back 163

noninvasive. records activity of myocardium

Front 164

electrocardiogram

Back 164

record of electrical activity of myocardium

Front 165

holter monitor

Back 165

portable electrocardiograph that is worn by ambulatory patient to continuously monitor heart rates/ rhythms over 24-48 hour period

Front 166

stress test

Back 166

assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress

Front 167

thallium stress test

Back 167

performed to evaluate how well blood flows through coronary arteries of heart muscle during exercixe

Front 168

antihypertensive

Back 168

lower blood pressure

Front 169

ACE inhibitor

Back 169

blocks action of enzyme that causes blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension

Front 170

beta-blocker

Back 170

reduces workload of heart by slowing rate of heatbeat

Front 171

calcium channel blocker agents

Back 171

heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing movement of calcium into cells.

Front 172

diuretic

Back 172

administered to stimulate kidneys to increase secretion of urine to rid body of excess sodium and water. Treat hypertension

Front 173

antiarrhythmic

Back 173

medication administered to control irregularities of heartbeat

Front 174

anticoagulant

Back 174

slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming

Front 175

aspirin

Back 175

reduce risk of heart attack or stroke by reducing ability of blood to clot

Front 176

coumadian

Back 176

warfarin, anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger

Front 177

digitalis

Back 177

strengthens contraftion of heart muscle, slows heart rate, helps eliminate fluid from body tissues.

Front 178

thrombolytic

Back 178

dissolves or causes thrombus to break up

Front 179

tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

Back 179

thrombolytic that is administered to some patients have heart attack or stroke

Front 180

casoconstrictor

Back 180

blood vessels narrow

Front 181

vasodilator

Back 181

blood vessels expand

Front 182

nitroglycerin

Back 182

vasodilator that prescribed to prevent or relieve pain of angina by dilating blood vessels to the heart.

Front 183

angioplasty

Back 183

technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel.

Front 184

precutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Back 184

balloon angioplasty; procedure in which small balloon on end of catheter is used to open partially blocked coronary artery byy flattening plaque deposit and stretching lumen

Front 185

laser angioplasty

Back 185

beas of light to remove plaque deposit

Front 186

stent

Back 186

wire-mes tube that is commonly placed after artery has been opened.

Front 187

restenosis

Back 187

condition when artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again

Front 188

artherectomy

Back 188

aurgical removal of plaque build-up from interior of an artery

Front 189

carotid enarterectomy

Back 189

surgical removal of lining of portion of clogged carotid artery leading to brain

Front 190

coronary artery bypass graft

Back 190

piece of vein from leg or chest is implanted on heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve blood flow to heart

Front 191

minimally invasive coronary artery bypass

Back 191

fiberoptic camera through small openings between ribs

Front 192

defibrillation/ cardioversion

Back 192

use of electrical shock to restore heart's normal rhythm

Front 193

artificial pacemaker

Back 193

treatment for bradycardia or arterial fibrillation. Attached externally or implanted under skin with connections leading into heart to regulate heartbeat

Front 194

automated implantable cardioverter-definrillator

Back 194

double-action pacemaker. Regulates heartbeart and if dangerous disruption of heart's rhythm occurs, acts as automatic defib

Front 195

valvoplasty

Back 195

surgical repair or replacement of heart valve

Front 196

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Back 196

CPR.

Front 197

aneurysmectomy

Back 197

surgical removal of aneurysm

Front 198

aneurysmorrhapy

Back 198

surgical suturing of aneurysm

Front 199

artierectomy

Back 199

surgical removal of part of artery

Front 200

hemostasis

Back 200

stop or control bleeding

Front 201

plasmapheresis/ plasma exchange

Back 201

removal of whole blood from body and separation of blood's cellular elements