Mcb2010 Exam 3C Ch. 8

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

All chemical and physical workings of a cell.
Two types of reactions: catabolism, anabolism

Front 2

Catabolism

Back 2

Degradative; breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules; releases energy

Front 3

Anabolism

Back 3

Biosynthesis; process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules; requires energy input

Front 4

Describe Enzymes. (4 points)

Back 4

1. Substrate specific
2. pH range
3. Temperature
4. Denaturation

Front 5

Enzyme Action (2 Types)

Back 5

Exoenzymes
Endoenzymes

Front 6

Exoenzymes

Back 6

transported extracellularly, break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals
e.g. cellulase, amylase, penicillinase

Front 7

Endoenzymes

Back 7

Retained intracellularly and function there
- Most enzymes are these

Front 8

Table 8.2 Selected Enzymes, Catalytic Actions, cofactors
Catalase?

Back 8

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Front 9

Table 8.2 Selected Enzymes, Catalytic Actions, cofactors
Oxidase?

Back 9

Adds electrons to oxygen

Front 10

Table 8.2 Selected Enzymes, Catalytic Actions, cofactors
Hexokinase?

Back 10

Transfers phosphate to glucose

Front 11

Table 8.2 Selected Enzymes, Catalytic Actions, cofactors
Urease?

Back 11

Splits urea into an ammonium ion

Front 12

Table 8.2 Selected Enzymes, Catalytic Actions, cofactors
Nitrate reductase?

Back 12

Reduces nitrate of nitrite

Front 13

Table 8.2 Selected Enzymes, Catalytic Actions, cofactors
DNA polymerase complex?

Back 13

Synthesis of DNA

Front 14

Sensitivity of Enzymes to their Environment (4 points)

Back 14

1. Activity of an enzyme is influenced by cell's environment.
2. Enzymes operate under temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure of org's habitat.
3. When enzymes are subjected to changes in org's habitat they become unstable.
- Denaturation: irreversible change in the enzyme (protein structure)

Front 15

Glucose breakdown

Back 15

- The first step is glycolysis for all organisms
- Organisms can then either undergo RESPIRATION or FERMENTATION
- Some orgs are capable of both TYPES of metabolism

Front 16

Respiration (Involves 3 step process)

Back 16

1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain

Front 17

Electron Transport Chain (3 points)

Back 17

- Eukaryotes: in inner mitochondrial membrane
- Prokaryotes: in cell membrane
- Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis

Front 18

First step in breaking down glucose for all organisms is?

Back 18

Glycolysis

Front 19

Organisms can either go through which two processes to break down glucose?

Back 19

Respiration
Fermentation
(Some do both)

Front 20

Respiration can be 1 of 2 things?

Back 20

Aerobic
Anaerobic

Front 21

In Anaerobic Respiration, what inorganic compounds are used as the final electron acceptor?

Back 21

NO3, SO4, CO3

Front 22

Synthesis Reactions

Back 22

aka condensation reactions
require ATP; anabolic reactions
Release one water molecule for each bond made

Front 23

Hydrolysis Reaction is ?

Back 23

- (digestion) the breaking of bonds requires the input of water
- Catabolic reaction
- Remodeling of cell structure; digestion of macromolecules

Front 24

Controls on Actions of Enzymes include two forms

Back 24

competitive inhibition
noncompetitive inhibition

Front 25

Competitive inhibition

Back 25

"Mimi" bacterial cell-molecule occupies an enzyme's active site, preventing the real substrate from binding there.

Front 26

Noncompetitive inhibition

Back 26

- occurs with enzymes with 2 sites
- binding of molecules other than the substrate in their regulatory sites
- slows down enzymatic activity

Front 27

Cell energetics involves what two types of reactions?

Back 27

1. Exergonic - release energy
2. Energonic - Require energy

Front 28

Role of NAD+

Back 28

- Most common hydrogen- electron carrier
- Carries hydrogens (and a pair of electrons) from dehydrogenation reactions
- stands for Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide

Front 29

Electron and Proton Carriers do what?

Back 29

Repeatedly accept and release electrons and hydrogen to faciliate the transfer of redox energy

Front 30

Most electron and proton carriers are what?

Back 30

Coenzymes
NAD, FAD, NADP, coenzyme A, and compounds of the respiratory chain

Front 31

Describe ATP.

Back 31

- Adenosine Triphosphate
- Metabolic currency
- 3 parts: Adenine (nitrogenous base), Ribose (5 carbon sugar), 3 phosphate groups
- ATP use and replenishment is a constant cycle in active cells

Front 32

What are the components of ATP.

Back 32

NItrogenous base (Adenine),
5 carbon sugar (Ribose)
3 phosphate groups

Front 33

ATP formation (3 different ways)

Back 33

1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
3. Photophosphorylation

Front 34

Substrate-level phosphorylation is what?

Back 34

Transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) directly to ADP

Front 35

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 35

Series of redox reactions occurring during respiratory pathway

Front 36

Photophosphorylation

Back 36

ATP is formed utilizing the energy of sunlight

Front 37

Pathways of Bioenergetics (3 ways)

Back 37

Glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
Respiratory chain, electron transport

Front 38

Summary of ATP produced from glycolysis, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation

Back 38

Glycolysis = 2
Aerobic Respiration = 36 or 38
Anaerobic respiration = 2 < 38
Fermentation = 2

Front 39

Table 8.3 Metabolic strategies
Primary pathway for Aerobes/facultative anaerobes

Back 39

Aerobic respiration

Front 40

Table 8.3 Metabolic strategies
What type of microorgs use fermentative metabolic strategies?

Back 40

Facultative, aerotolerant, strict anaerobes

Front 41

Table 8.3 Metabolic strategies
What type of microorgs use Respiration as a metabolic strategy?

Back 41

Anaerobes; some facultatives

Front 42

Aerobic respiration involves which metabolic strategies?

Back 42

Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, respiratory chain

Front 43

Summary of ATP produced from glycolysis, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation

Back 43

Glycolysis = 2
Aerobic Respiration = 36 or 38
Anaerobic respiration = 2 < 38
Fermentation = 2

Front 44

Table 8.3 Metabolic strategies
Primary pathway for Aerobes/facultative anaerobes

Back 44

Aerobic respiration

Front 45

Table 8.3 Metabolic strategies
What type of microorgs use fermentative metabolic strategies?

Back 45

Facultative, aerotolerant, strict anaerobes

Front 46

Table 8.3 Metabolic strategies
What type of microorgs use Respiration as a metabolic strategy?

Back 46

Anaerobes; some facultatives

Front 47

Aerobic respiration involves which metabolic strategies?

Back 47

Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, respiratory chain

Front 48

Anaerobic respiration involves which metabolic strategies?

Back 48

Glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle, respiratory chain; molecular oxygen is NOT final electron acceptor

Front 49

Fermentation involves which metab pathways?

Back 49

Glycolysis
- organic compounds are the final electron acceptors

Front 50

Respiration (1 form of anaerobic metab) involves what pathways?

Back 50

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, and electron transport

Front 51

What happens in glycolysis?

Back 51

Glucose (6C) is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3 C); NADH is generated

Front 52

Kreb's cycle

Back 52

Processes pyruvic acid and generates 3 CO2 molecules, NADH and FADH2 are generated

Front 53

The ultimate source of all the chemical energy in the cells comes from where?

Back 53

the sun.

Front 54

Photosynthesis occurs in what 2 phases?

Back 54

Light dependent
Light independent reactions

Front 55

What happens in the light dependent photosynthetic stage?

Back 55

Photons are absorbed by chlorophyll, carotenoid, and phycobilin pigments
- Water splits by photolysis, releasing O2 gas and provides electrons to drive photophosphorylation
- Released light energy used to synthesize ATP and NADPH

Front 56

What happens in the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis?

Back 56

Dark reactions - Calvin Cycle - uses ATP to fix CO2 to ribulose-1,5-biphosphate and convert it to glucose.

Front 57

What's another term for biosynthesis?

Back 57

Anabolism

Front 58

Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which ____ molecules are converted into ____ molecules?

Back 58

Large/Small

Front 59

An enzyme ___ the activation energy required for a chemical reaction.

Back 59

Lowers

Front 60

An enzyme is heat and ____ labile.

Back 60

pH

Front 61

An apoenzyme is where the ____ is located?

Back 61

Active site

Front 62

Many coenzymes are what?

Back 62

Vitamins

Front 63

To digest cellulose in its environment, a fungus produces a/an _____.

Back 63

Exoenzyme

Front 64

Energy in the biological systems is primarily what ?

Back 64

Chemical

Front 65

Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of what?

Back 65

High-energy ATP bonds

Front 66

Exergonic reactions do what?

Back 66

Release potential energy

Front 67

A reduced compound is ... NAD+, FAD, NADH, or ADP?

Back 67

NADH

Front 68

Most oxidation reactions in microbial bioenergetics involves the WHAT ?

Back 68

Removal of electrons and hydrogens

Front 69

A product or products of glycolysis is/are ???

Back 69

ATP, Pyruvic acid

Front 70

Fermentation of a glucose molecule has the potential to produce a net number of ____ ATPs.

Back 70

2 ATPs

Front 71

Complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration can yield a net output of ____ ATP.

Back 71

38 ATP

Front 72

The compound that enters the TCA cycle is ...... ?

Back 72

Acetyl coenzyme A

Front 73

The FADH2 formed during the TCA cycle enters the electron transport system at which site?

Back 73

Coenzyme Q

Front 74

ATP synthase complexes can generate ____ ATPs for each NADH that enters electron transport.

Back 74

3 ATPs

Front 75

H+ and e- are delivered to O2 as the final acceptor.
(Name the process).

Back 75

Electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

Front 76

Pyruvic acid is formed. (Name the process).

Back 76

Glycolysis

Front 77

GTP is formed.

Back 77

TCA (Krebs) cycle

Front 78

H20 is produced. (Name the process).

Back 78

Electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

Front 79

CO2 is formed. (Name the process).

Back 79

TCA (Krebs) cycle.

Front 80

Fructose diphosphate is split into two 3-carbon fragments. (Name the process).

Back 80

Glycolysis

Front 81

NADH is oxidized. (Name the process).

Back 81

Electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

Front 82

ATP synthase is active (Name the process).

Back 82

electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation.