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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following statements concerning pathology, infections, and disease is true?
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D. pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease
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Which of the following is an example of the symbiotic relationship known as mutualism?
A. saprophytic Mycobacterium of the ear B. a tapeworm in the gastrointestinal tract of a human C. E. coli within the large intestine D. Corynebacterium on the surface of the eye |
C. E. coli within the large intestine
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Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria given by Koch's postulates?
A. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. B. The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism. C. The pathogen isolated from a pure culture must cause the disease in a healthy lab animal. D. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease |
B. the pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism
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A patient acquires an infection by touching a contaminated door handle. Which mode of transmission best describes this scenario?
A. indirect contact transmission B. direct contact transmission C. droplet transmission D. vehicle transmission |
A. indirect contact transmission
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A dog develops a diarrheal disease after drinking water from a creek during a hike with his owner. Which of the following best describes this method of disease transmission?
A. vehicle transmission B. contact transmission C. vector transmission D. there is not enough information to determine the mode of transmission |
A. vehicle transmission
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Plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea. Which of the following best describes this mode of transmission?
A. indirect contact transmission B. vector transmission C. direct contact transmission D. vehicle transmission |
B. vector transmission (the flea is the vector)
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Which of the following would be an example of disease transmission via INDIRECT contact?
A. A restaurant worker has diarrhea caused by Norovirus. He fails to wash his hands adequately before preparing the salad, and his customers get sick. B. Mr. Smith sneezes on an airplane, and the person sitting beside him catches his cold. C. A student sneezes on her test booklet. The instructor grades it and catches her cold. D. A tick that is infected with Lyme disease bites a hiker, and the hiker gets Lyme disease. |
C. a student sneezes on her test booklet. The instructor grades it and catches her cold
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According to the animation, surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections?
A. 15% B. 40% C. 8% D. 11% E. 20% |
E. 20%
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What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?
A. urinary tract B. bacteremia C. cutaneous D. lower respiratory E. surgical |
B. bacteremia
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How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic?
A. Health care workers being treated with antibiotics may pass the antibiotic on to the patient. B. Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment. C. Visitors currently being treated with antibiotics can pass them on to the patient. |
B. antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment
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Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?
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C. These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient
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How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections?
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D. practice more stringent aseptic techniques
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The health of the patient _________
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B. should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker
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How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?
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B. they should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary
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If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions,
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B. they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker
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Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?
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A. single-use
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Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing?
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C. frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction
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Epidemiology is defined as the study of
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C. where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted
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What is the role of epidemiology?
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D. to learn how to treat and prevent various diseases
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Expected prevalence of a disease is
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D. the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations
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In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America?
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D. the disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region
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In the last segment of the animation, how many regions of the world experience the pandemic during April of year four?
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D. five
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In the last segment of the animation, when does the first epidemic occur?
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E. January of year 3
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If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be
A. sporadic. B. epidemic. C. pandemic. D. endemic. |
D. endemic
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the number of cases including both new cases and previously existing cases
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prevalence
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the number of new cases over some period of time
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incidence
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only a few cases occur in that region
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sporadic
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disease normal or continues to occur there at a stable rate
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endemic
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a disease occurs at a rate significantly higher than would be normally expected
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epidemic
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an epidemic on more than one continent at the same time
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pandemic
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Which of the following would be considered a fomite?
A. contaminated water B. a tick C. an infected toy D. a fly |
C. an infected toy
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Which of the following would be considered a vector?
A. saliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissing B. a fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food C. water containing bacteria from fecal matter D. water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individual |
B. a fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food
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When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered
A. vector transmission B. contact transmission C. waterborne transmission D. airborne transmission |
B. contact transmission
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Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease?
A. vector transmission B. contact, vehicle, and vector transmission C. contact transmission D. vehicle transmission |
B. contact, vehicle, and vector transmission
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Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?
A. touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface B. the transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact C. the bite of a mosquito containing malaria D. the presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner |
D. the presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner
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The following choices list several types of diseases, along with factors that may contribute to their emergence. Which disease and associated factor do NOT match?
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emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1): use of antibiotics
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As a health care worker, I am keenly aware of how important it is to avoid harming my patients. I worry about inadvertently transmitting an infectious disease to an already compromised individual. According to the CDC, what is the MOST important thing I can do to avoid this?
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wash my hands before interacting with any patient
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Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection with a protozoan. In certain tropical regions, malaria is constantly present. We would say that malaria is a(n) _________ disease in these regions.
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endemic
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The yeast Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of ______.
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the normal microbiota
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Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism
A. bacteria causing disease B. bacteria producing vitamin K C. bacteria occupying host receptors D. bacteriocin production E. acid production by bacteria |
A. bacteria causing disease
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Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota
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are present for a relatively short time
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a commensal bacterium
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may also be an opportunistic pathogen
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The graph in the figure shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n)
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epidemic level
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A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as
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latent
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the figure shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level?
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D. (the one with the straight line across)
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Which of the following is NOT a communicable diseases?
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tetanus
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The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can directly attributed to
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vaccinations
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In which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor?
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urinary tract infections
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Which one of the following is NOT a zoonosis?
A. rabies B. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome C. cat-scratch disease D. tapeworm E. None of the answers is correct; all of these are zoonoses. |
E. none of the answers is correct; all of these are zoonoses
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A needlestick is an example of
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fomite
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A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of which form of disease transmission?
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indirect contact transmission
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Which of the following statements about biological transmission is FALSE?
A. Houseflies are an important vector. B. The pathogen reproduces in the vector. C. The pathogen may require the vector as a host. D. The pathogen may be injected by the bite of the vector. E. The pathogen may enter the host in the vector's feces. |
A. houseflies are an important vector
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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
A. salmonellosis – vehicle transmission B. malaria – vector C. syphilis – direct contact D. influenza – droplet infection E. None of the pairs is mismatched. |
E. none of the pairs are mismatched
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Which of the following is a fomite?
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a hypodermic needles
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Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection?
A. a sick person B. a hospital C. a sick animal D. a healthy person E. None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection. |
E. none of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infections
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Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission
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involves specific diseases
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Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection?
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botulism
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Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a
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nosocomial infection
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Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections?
A. normal microbiota on the operating room staff B. errors in aseptic technique C. using syringes more than once D. antibiotic resistance E. All of the answers are correct. |
E. all of the above
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Which of the following statements about nosocomial infections is FALSE?
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the patient was infected before hospitalization
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Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections?
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gram-negative cell walls
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a nosocomial infection is
A. only a result of surgery. B. always present, but is inapparent at the time of hospitalization. C. always caused by pathogenic bacteria. D. always caused by medical personnel. E. acquired during the course of hospitalization. |
E. acquired during the course of hospitalization
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Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. S. aureus is differentiated from other mannitol+ cocci by the coagulase test. B. Antimicrobial therapy for hemodialysis-associated infections increases antibiotic resistance. C. The M in MRSA stands for mannitol. D. The USA100 strain accounts for most hospital-acquired MRSA. The USA300 strain accounts for most community-acquired MRSA. |
C. The M in MRSA stands for mannitol
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Which of the following does NOT contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases?
A. Antibiotic resistance B. Climatic changes C. New strains of previously known agents D. Ease of travel E. The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these |
E. The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these
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The CDC is located in
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ATL, Georgia
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The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called
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epidemiology
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