Mcat Study Cards - Exambusters Biology Ii

Front 1

Nucleoli

Back 1

Irregular rounded structures in the nucleus. They are sites of RNA synthesis

Front 2

Nuclear Envelope

Back 2

The double membrane boundary around the nucleus. It contains many pores to allow certain molecules to pass in and out

Front 3

Chromosome

Back 3

A rod-like group of genes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Tightly-coiled DNA, proteins

Front 4

Chromatin

Back 4

A stringy network of DNA and proteins in the nucleus. During mitosis and meiosis, it forms rods called chromosomes.

Front 5

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Back 5

Both are types of active transport.

Endocytosis is the uptake of materials by the cell
Ex: phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Exocytosis is the release of materials from the cell into the environment when vesicles fuse with the cell membrane

Front 6

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 6

A system of branching membranous channels located in the cytoplasm, which serves to transport materials within the cell. Rough E.R. contain ribosomes and are a site of protein synthesis. Smooth E.R. have no ribosomes and are a site of lipid synthesis.

Front 7

Ribosome

Back 7

The protein factory of the cell; they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum or in the cytoplasm (Composed of RNA and protein)

Front 8

Mitochondria

Back 8

"Powerhouse of the cell"
Carry on cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells

Front 9

Cristae

Back 9

The foldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. ATP formation happens here.

Front 10

What are 3 factors affecting enzyme function?

Back 10

1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Relative amounts of enzyme and substrate

Front 11

Microtubules

Back 11

Tubular protein structures involved with chromosome movement during cell division. They compose the internal structure of cilia and flagella and provide cell shape

Front 12

Centrioles

Back 12

Animal cell structures made of microtubules; they organize microtubule assembly of the spindle during mitosis and meiosis.

Front 13

Cytoskeleton

Back 13

A network of microtubules and other protein filaments that supports the cell structure and drives cell movement.

Front 14

Cilia

Back 14

Short hairlike appendages specialized for motion. They enable some protista to move. They also move material along a cell or tissue.

Front 15

What is the function of the cell wall?

Back 15

Protection and Support

Front 16

What is the function of the chloroplast?

Back 16

Site of Photosynthesis

Front 17

What is the function of cilia and flagella?

Back 17

Movement

Front 18

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 18

Transport System

Front 19

What is the function of the golgi body?

Back 19

Packages and Secretes Proteins

Front 20

What is the function of the lysosome?

Back 20

Intracellular Digestion

Front 21

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Back 21

Sites of Cellular Respiration

Front 22

What is the function of the nucleus?

Back 22

Controls Cell Activities

Front 23

What is the function of ribosomes?

Back 23

Synthesis of Protein

Front 24

What is the function of vacuoles?

Back 24

Storage

Front 25

What is the function of cell or plasma membrane?

Back 25

Regulates Transport of Substances into/out of cell

Front 26

Prokaryotic Cell

Back 26

A cell that does not have a membrane - bound nucleus or organelles

Monerans are comprised of this kind of cell.

Front 27

Eukaryotic Cell

Back 27

A cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles; all kingdoms except monera contain this type of cell.

Front 28

Diffusion

Back 28

The movement of substance from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration of the substance

Front 29

Osmosis

Back 29

The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 30

Selectively Permeable

Back 30

Property of biological membranes that allows only selected substances to pass through

Front 31

Active Transport

Back 31

The movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient; requires an input of cellular energy; usually in the form of ATP.

Front 32

Carbohydrate
List 5 examples and function in human body

Back 32

A compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
(Glucose, Fructose, Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen) - Human body's main energy source

Front 33

Lipid
List 3 examples and function in human body

Back 33

Compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Composed of 2 basic compounds - glycerol and fatty acids.
(Fats, oils, waxes)
Function: energy storage, cushioning, insulation

Front 34

Protein
List 2 examples and function in human body

Back 34

An organic compound made of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acids

1. Enzymes
2. Gelatin
3. Collagen
4. Hemoglobin

Functions: structural components of cells, organic catalysts, antibodies, hormones

Front 35

Nucleic Acid

List 2 examples and the function in the human body

Back 35

Organic compound made of nucleotides

1. DNA
2. RNA

Both code instructions for protein synthesis

Front 36

Hydrolysis

Back 36

Catabolic reaction that splits apart molecules and consumes water

Front 37

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 37

The process where small molecules are bonded to make a larger molecule and water is released.

For example: two glucose ( a monosaccharide) molecules are linked to form maltose (a dissaccharide)

Front 38

Amino Acids

Back 38

The building blocks of protein
-lysine, valine, arginine, alanine, glycine, serine... etc

Front 39

Polypeptide

Back 39

A chain of amino acids that make up protein

Front 40

Saturated Fat

Back 40

The carbon chain of the fatty acid is joined by single bonds and has about twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms; usually solid at room temperature
Ex: lard, butter

Front 41

Unsaturated Fat

Back 41

The fatty acid chain contains some double covalent bonds and less than twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms; usually liquid at room temperature
Ex: oil

Front 42

Which nitrogenous bases pair in DNA?

Back 42

adenine & thymine
cytosine & guanine

Front 43

Which nitrogenous bases pair in RNA?

Back 43

adenine & uracil
cytosine & guanine

Front 44

Homozygous

Back 44

Having 2 identical alleles for a trait
Ex: BB or bb

Front 45

Heterozygous

Back 45

Having 2 different alleles for a trait
Ex: Bb or Tt

Front 46

Phenotype

Back 46

The expression of a genotype; can be an appearance or function of an organism
Ex: tail, blue eyes, type B blood

Front 47

Genotype

Back 47

The genetic make-up of an organism; the actual genes an organism has for a trait

Ex: a cat with a brown-eyed phenotype may have a heterozygous genotype (one allele for brown, one allele for blue)

Front 48

Allele

Back 48

One of two or more different forms of a gene

Front 49

Mendel's Law of Segregation

Back 49

Modern Form: During meiosis homologous chromosomes (with the alleles they carry) separate and go to different gamete cells.

Front 50

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Back 50

The inheritance of alleles on one homologous chromosome pair has no effect on the inheritance of alleles on a different homologous chromosome pair

Front 51

Summarize the work of Thomas Hunt Morgan

Back 51

Received the Nobel prize for research on a fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

He located certain genes on the chromosomes (drew maps) discovered x-linked genes

Front 52

Linkage

Back 52

Genes which are inherited together because they are located on the same chromosome; they do not independently assort

Front 53

Crossing Over

Back 53

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange genes; results in genetic recombination