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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of biological molecules
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Amino acids
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acid |
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pKa of amino group
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9 to 10
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pKa of carboxylic group
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2 to 3
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Categories of amino acids
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Nonpolar
Polar Acidic Aromatic |
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Linkage of amino acids
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Peptide binds
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Process of linking amino acids
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Condensation
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Process of break peptide bonds
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Hydrolysis
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Peptide plate
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Bond between the carboxylic group and the amino group that does not rotate
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Triglycerides
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Glycerol and fatty acids
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Process of joining glycerol and fatty acid
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Condensation
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Process of separating glycerol and fatty acids
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Hydrolysis
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Parent steroid
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Chloesterol
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Number and label of cholesterol rings
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4 rings, labeled A, B, C, D
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Components of cell membrane
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Carbohydrates
Proteins Lipids |
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Amphiphilic
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Containing both polar and nonpolar ends
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Products of phospholipds
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Micelles
Liposomes Double bilayer |
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Examples of micelles
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Bile salts
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Difference between liposomes and micelles
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Liposomes are double layered
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Types of movement along the membrane
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Lateral
Transverse |
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Lateral movement
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Side to side movement in the same layer
Spontaneous and facilitated |
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Factors increasing membrane fluidity
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Increase temp
Less saturation More cis bonds Decrease length of tails Decrease cholestrol content |
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Effect of cholesterol at high temp
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Nonpolar regions keep everything together
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Effect of cholesterol at low temp
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Prevent tails from sticking together too tightly
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Types of membrane proteins
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Integral
Peripheral |
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Transmembrane integral proteins
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Integral protein that goes through both layers of the bilayer
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Protein removal leaves membrane intact
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Peripheral proteins
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Glycoproteins
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Carbs attached to proteins
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Glycolipids
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Carbs attached to lipids
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Passive membrane transport
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Simple and facilitated diffusion
No ATP, down concentration gradient |
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Active membrane transport
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Requires ATP, against gradient
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Primary active transport
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Uses ATP directly to move molecules
Ex. Na/K ATPase pump |
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Secondary active transport
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Uses ATP to transport two things, one down it's gradient, and the other against
Ex. Na/Glucose cotransporter |
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Bulk transport
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Pinching off membrane for vesicle; endocytosis, exocytosis
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Non-membrane organelle
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Ribosome
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Ingredients for making a ribosome
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rRNA and protein assembled into a globule
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Population of ribosomes
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Cytoplasm, rough ER, inside mitochondria
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Examples of double membranes
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Mitochondria
Nucleus Smooth and rough ER |
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Function of nucleus
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DNA storage
Transcription Splicing/capping Poly A tail |
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Importance of nuclear pores
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DNA functions require enzymes, and we also need to transport RNA
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Nucleolus
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Region that stores rRNA and assembles ribosomes
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Location of transcription of rRNA
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Nucleolus
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Where are mRNA for rproteins transported?
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Cytoplasm for translation into rproteins
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Final location of ribosome assembly
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Nucleolus
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When do ribosome subunits come together
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Not till, translation
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Second function of nucleolus outside of making ribosomes
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Capture and immobilize proteins
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Rough ER
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Contains ribosomes
Does post-translation modification Helps protein folding via chaperonins |
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Signal hypothesis
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Explains how ribosomes can land on the rough ER
Signal sequence is recognized by SRP, SRP moves ribosome to right location |
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Scurvy
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Vit C def, prolines are not hydroxylated, no collagen
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Function of smooth ER
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Post. translation modification
Detox Ca storage Make lipids (steroids) |
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Example of smooth ER
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Golgi apparatus
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Post. translational modification
Sort protein for various destinations |
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Two sides of golgi
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Cis, Trans
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Possible destinations after golgi
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Exocytosis out of the cell
Store at membrane Merge with endosome |
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Example of products stored in the membrane
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Neurotransmitters
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Endosome
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Vesicle formed from endocytosis
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pH of lysosome protein
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4.5, proteins only work at the pH
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Enzyme in peroxisomes
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Catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide formed from the oxidation of toxic products
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Impermeable membrane of the mitochondria
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Inner membrane
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Processes that occur in the mitochondira
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Pyruvate acitvation
Kreb Beta-oxidation of FA ETC |
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Proof of endosymbiotic theory
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They have their own dsDNA and ribosome
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Maternal inheritance
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Mitochondria are passed down from mother
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Largest of the cell skeleton molecules
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Microtubules
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Compose microtubules
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Dimers of alpha and beta tubulin
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Function of microtubules
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Chromosome separation
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The end at which microtubules grow
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plus end, facing the plasma membrane
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The end at which microtubules shrink
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minus end, facing the nucleus
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Facilitates plus end movement of microtubules
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Kinesin
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Facilitates minus end movement of microtubules
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Dynenin
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Compose microfilaments
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G actin
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Major motor protein of microfilaments
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Myosin
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Function of microfilaments
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Cell movement
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Lameelpodia and filopodia
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Protursions made by actin that help cells move
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Compose the cell skeleton of the nuceloplasm
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Intermediate filaments
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Drug associated with microtubules
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Cancer
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Drug association with microfilaments
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Antibiotics
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Compose prokaryotic cell wall
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Peptidoglycan
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Gram positive
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Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
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Gram negative
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Thin wall with outer layer lipopolysaccharide layer
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Which one, gram positive or gram negative, is more dangerous? Why?
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Gram negative; lipopolysaccharid layer helps the bacteria evade cell recognition
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What organelles do prokaryotes contain?
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Ribosomes
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Region in prokaryotes that contain the DNA?
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Nucleoid
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What occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells?
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Glycolysis
ETC Replication Transcription Translation |
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Steps of binary fission
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Replicate DNA
Separate DNA Separate Cytoplasm |
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Conjugation
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Gene transfer via plasmid and pilus
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Transduction
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Gene transfer via viral vector carrying DNA
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Transformation
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Gene transfer via DNA uptake through the cell membrane
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Two categories of viruses
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Enveloped and non enveloped
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Capsid
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Protein capsule protecting viral DNA
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Where do the receptors on viral enveloped DNA come from?
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From host membrane, for example the CD4 in HIV
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Prions
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Misfolded proteins, which induce misfolding in normal proteins exponentially
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Amyloid
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Clumps of misfolded protein often found in the brain.
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Autocrine signaling
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Form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to receptors on the same cell.
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Paracrine signaling
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Type of signaling in which the target cell near by, but not on the cell that secreted the signal.
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Reducing sugars
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Sugars having anomeric carbon atoms that not formed glycoside (do not have acetal linkages).
Image their aldehyde oxidized into carboxylic acids. |
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Benedict reagent
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A blue solution that's reduced to a red precipitate when the aldehyde of a sugar is oxidized.
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What makes up sucrose? In what linkage?
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Glucose and fructose in alpha1-2 linkage
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What makes up lactose?
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Galactose and glucose
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What makes up lactose?
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Two glucose residues
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Which is more polar a triglyceride or a fatty acid?
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The fatty acid. The carboxyl hydrogen ionizes at physiological pH, and increases polarity.
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