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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Cytoplasm
2. Organelle 3. Cell Membrane 4. Nucleus |
1. All the living material (organelles and fluid) inside the cell, except the nucleus.
2. A small part of the cell, usually enclosed by a membrane, that performs a specialized function. 3. Selectively permeable structure that encloses the cell's contents and regulates the passage of materials between then call and its environment. Also called the plasma membrane. 4. In eukaryotic cells, the double membrane-bound organelle that contains choromosomal DNA. and thus controls the cell's activities. |
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1. Nucleoli
2. Nuclear Envelope 3. Chromosome 4. Chromatin |
1. Irregular rounded structures in the nucleus. They are sites of RNA synthesis.
2. The double membrane boundary around he certain molecules to pass in and out. 3. A rod-like group of genes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Tightly-coiled DNA, proteins. 4. A stringy network of DNA and proteins in the nucleus. During mitosis and meiosis. it forms rods called chromosomes. |
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1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
2. Ribosome 3. Mitochondria 4. Cristae |
1. A system of branching membranous channels located in the cytoplasm, which serves to transport materials within the cell. Rough E.R. contain ribosomes and are a site of protein synthesis. Smooth E.R. have no ribosomes and are a site of lipid synthesis.
2. The protein factory of the cell; they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum or in the cytoplasm. (Composed of RNA and protein) 3. "Powerhouse of the Cell". Carry on cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells. 4. The foldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. ATP formation happens here. |
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1. Lysosome
2. Golgi Complex (or Apparatus) 3. Vacuole 4. Phagocytic Vesicle |
1. A membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
2. An organelle consisting of stacks of flattened sacs. It modifies and packages substances to be transported around and out of cells. 3. Organelle, common in plants, that stores food, water, waste products, etc. 4. Organelle which forms when the plasma membrane folds in as the cell engulfs large extra-cellular particles during phagocytosis. |
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1. Microtubules
2. Centrioles 3. Cytoskeleton 4. Cilia |
1. Tubular protein structures involved with chromosome movement during cell division. They compose the internal structure of cilia and flagella, and provide cell shape.
2. Animal cell structures made of microtubules; they organize microtubule assembly of the spindle during mitosis and meiosis. 3. A network of microtubules and other protein filaments that supports the cell structure and drives cell movement. 4. Short hairlike appendages specialized for motion. They enable some protista to move. They also move material along a cell or tissue. |
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FUNCTION OF:
1. Cell Wall 2. Chloroplast 3. Cilia and Flagella |
1. Protection and Support
2. Site of Photosynthesis 3. Movement |
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FUNCTION OF:
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum 2. Golgi Body 3. Lysosome 4. Mitochondria |
1. Transport System
2. Packages and Secretes Proteins 3. Intracellular Digestion 4. Sites of Cellular Respiration |
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FUNCTION OF :
1. Nucleus 2. Ribosomes 3. Vacuoles 4. Cell or Plasma Membrane |
1. Contols Cell Activities
2. Synthesis of Protein 3. Storage 4. Regulates Transport of Substances into/out of Cell |
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3 Basic Statements of The Cell Theory
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1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells and cell products are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. |
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1. Prokaryotic Cell
2. Eukaryotic Cell |
1. A cell that does not have a membrane - bound nucleus or organelles. Monerans are comprised of this kind of cell.
2. A cell that contains a membrane - bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles; all kingdoms except monera contain this type of cell. |
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1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis 3. Selectively Permeable 4. Active Transport |
1. The movement of a substance from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration of the substance.
2. The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. 3. Property of biological membranes that allows only selected substances to pass through. 4. The movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient; requires an input of cellular energy, usually in the form of ATP. |
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COMPARE:
Endocytosis & Exocytosis |
Both are types of active transport.
Endocytosis is the uptake of materials by the cell. example: phagocytosis, pinocytosis Exocytosis is the release of materials from the cell into the environment when vesicles fuse with the cell membrane. |
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1. Carbohydrate - list 5 examples and function in human body
2. Lipid - list 3 examples and function in human body |
1. A compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 (glucose, fructose, starch, cellulose, glycogen) - human body's main energy source
2. Compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Composed of 2 basic coumpounds - glycerol and fatty acids. (Fats, oils, waxes) Function: energy storage, cushioning, insulation. |
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1. Protein - list 2 examples and function in human body
2. Nucleic Acid - list 2 examples and the function in human body |
1. An organic compound made of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acids. (enzymes, gelatin, collagen, hemoglobin) Functions: Structural components of cells, organic catalysts, antibodies, hormones
2. Organic compound made of nucleotides, Ex- DNA and RNA code instructions for protein synthesis. |
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Three factors affecting enzyme function
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pH
Temperature Relative amounts of enzyme and substrate |
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1. Hydrolysis
2. Dehydration Synthesis |
1. Catabolic reaction that splits apart molecules and consumes water.
2. the process where small molecules are bonded to make a larger molecule, and water in released. For example: two glucose (a monosaccharide) molecules are linked to form maltose (a disaccharide). |
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1. Amino Acids
2. Polypeptide |
1. The building blocks of protein. (lysine, valine, arginine, alanine, glycine, serine)
2. A chain of amino acids that makes up protein. |
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1. Saturated Fat
2. Unsaturated Fat |
1. The carbon chain of the fatty acid is joined by single bonds and has about twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms; usually solid at room temperature. (lard, butter)
2. The fatty acid chain contains some double covalent bonds and less than twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms; usually liquid at room temperature (oil). |
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Which nitrogenous bases pair in DNA? In RNA?
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DNA:
adenine & thymine; cytosine & guanine RNA: adenine & uracil; cytosine & guanine |
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Aerobic Respiration vs. Fermentation (Anaerobic:
- Net ATP Production? - Products of Reaction? |
Aerobic: 36 ATP produced; CO2 and H2O released
Anaerobic: 2 ATP are produced: CO2 and alcohol are released in alcoholic fermentation; lactic acid released in lactic acid fermentation. |
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Three Phases of Cellular Respiration
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1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain |
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1. Glycolysis
2. Fermentation 3. Aerobic Respiration |
1. The breakdown of glucose; forms pyruvic acid and ATP; occurs in cytoplasm.
2. Release of stored chemical energy without the use of oxygen. Takes places in yeast and some bacteria. 3. Release of stored chemical energy with the use of oxygen. |
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1. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic acid cycle)
2. Electron Transport Chain 3. ATP |
1. A circular series of enzyme reactions during cellular respiration that consumes pyruvic acid and releases energy and carbon dioxide. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
2. A series of enzymes that pick up and transfer hydrogen to its final acceptor - oxygen, producing water. Leads to synthesis of ATP. The third step of cellular respiration. 3. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE - A molecule that is the energy currency of cell metabolism in all living things. Composed of adenine. ribose and three phosphates. |
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Photosynthesis Reaction - Reactants
& Products? |
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy; food-making process of autotrophs.
Reactants: H2O, CO2 Products: glucose, oxygen, H2O |
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General chemical equation that summarizes Photosynthesis
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6 H2O + 6 CO2 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
In the presence of light, chlorophyll and enzymes. |
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1. Light reactions
2. Calvin - Benson Cycle |
1. First stage of photosynhesis; light energy is absorbed, water is split to produce O2 fas, and ATP and HACPH are produced.
2. During photosynthesis, the series of enzyme reactions in which carbon dioxide is "fixed" (incorporated) into sugars (sometimes called "dark reactions"). |
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4 factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis
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Light intensity
Temperature CO2 Concentration O2 Concentration |
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1. Charles Darwin
2. Natural Selection |
1. British naturalist who observed the diversity of life on his five-year maritime journey (1850s) on the Beagle where he formulated his theory of evolution by means of natural selection.
2. Evolutionary mechanism where the members of a population that are most suited (adapted) to their environment will most likely survive and reproduce. |
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1. Adaptations
2. Homologies |
1. Characteristics that increase the chance that an organism will survive and reproduce in a certain environment.
2. Structural similarities that indicate a common evolutionary ancestry; useful in classification. Ex: bird wing, whale flipper, human arm |
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1. Major distinction between monera and the other 4 kingdoms.
2. Seven levels of classification from the most general to the most specific. |
1. Monerans are composed of prokaryotic cells. All other kingdoms are composed of eukaryotic cells.
2. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Nine phyla of animals
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- Porifera
- Cnidaria (Coelenterates) - Platyhelminthes - Nematoda - Annelida - Mollusca - Anthropoda - Echinodermata - Chordata |
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Four phyla of plant divisions.
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Nonvascular Plants: Bryophyta - mosses, liverworts
Vascular seedless plants: Pterophyta - ferns Vascular seed plants: Gymnosperms, coniferophyta, conifers Flowering plants: Anthophyta, angiosperms |
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1. Bacteria - 5 characteristics & 3 basic shapes
2. Blue-green Algae - 3 characteristics & 2 examples |
1. Smallest cells known, Have a cell wall, Form spores, No nuclear membrane, May have flagella (bacilli, cocci, spirilla)
2. Cells usually larger than bacteria, contain chlorophyll, Carry on photosynthesis (Nostoc, Gloeocapsa) |
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1. Protozoa - 4 characteristics & 4 examples
2. Fungi - 4 characteristics & 3 examples |
1. Animal-like, single-celled, may form colonies, free-moving except for sporozoans (ex. amoeba, paramecium, euglena, malaria, plasmodium)
2. plant-like, heterotrophic (No chlorophyll), form spores, cell wall composed of chitin (yeast, mold, mushroom) |
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5 features of an Amoeba
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-moves and feeds using pseudopods
-Takes in food via phagocytosis -Food digested in food vaculoe -Contractile vacuole eliminates water -Reproduces with binary fission |
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5 features of a Paramecium
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-Locomotion via cillia
-Ingests via oral groove -Eliminates waste via anal pore -2 Nuclei - Micronucleus and Macronucleus -Reproduces by conjugation |
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Six major types of plant tissues and their functions
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Epidermal - protection
Parenchyma - storage Collenchyma - support Vascular - conducting Meristematic - growth Schlerenchyma - support |
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Four major layers of tissue in the leaf
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1. Upper and Lower Epidermis
2. Palisade Layer of Mesophyll 3. Spongy Layer of Mesophyll 4. Vascular bundles (veins) |
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1. Xylem
2. Phloem |
1. In vascular plants, the non-living transport tube that carries water and minerals upward from the roots and stem to the rest of the plant.
2. In vascular plants, the living cells arranged into transport tubes that carry sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant. |
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1. Four major functions of the plant root
2. Two major functions of the plant leaf |
1. Anchorage, Absorption, Transport, Storage
2. Photosynthesis, Transportation |
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Four major functions of the plant stem
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Support
Transport Storage Photosynthesis |
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1. Gametophyte
2. Sporophyte |
1. A haploid plant that produces gametes by mitosis.
2. A diploid plant that produces spores by meiosis. |
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1. Pollination
2. Ovule |
1. The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma; can be by wind, water, animals.
2. A structure in seed plants that develops in the ovary and contains the egg. |
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1. Stigma
2. Stamen |
1. In angiosperm flowers, the region of the carpel that is the receiving surface for the pollen.
2. The pollen-producing (male) organ of a flower; consists of an anther and a filament. |
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Five major Functions of Bones
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-Support of the body
-Protection of organs (brain, spinal cord, Thoracic organs) -Movement (place of attachment for muscles) -Storage of fat, minerals -Blood cell formation |
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1. Cartilage
2. Contrast - Compact Bone and Spongy Bone |
1. A connective tissue found in vertebrate skeletons; in adult vertebrates, much of it is converted into bone.
2. Compact bone is dense and smooth looking. Spongy bone is composed of small flat pieces of bone and contains open spaces. |
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Compare & Contrast:
Tendon & Ligament |
They are both fibrous tissue. Tendons attach muscles to bones while ligaments connect bones to bones.
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3 types of joints and their locations
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Ball and socket joint - shoulder, hip
Hinge joint - knee, elbow Immovable joint - skull |
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Name three types of muscle tissue and their location in the body. Are they voluntary or involuntary?
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Striated/Skeletal: attached to bone - voluntary
Smooth: blood vessels and digestive organs - involuntary Cardiac: Heart - involuntary rhythmic contractions; striated |
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Six types of connective tissue and their location
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Bone: skeleton
Cartilage: nose, trachea, ear Fibrous: tendon, ligament Elastic: blood vessels Fat: under skin, around organs Blood: within blood vessels |
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Four chambers of the heart
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Right atrium
Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle |
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1. Compare Atrium and Ventricle
2. Compare Artery and Vein |
1. The two atria are located at the top of the heart and receive incoming blood from the body. The two ventricles are below the atria and pump blood out of the heart to the body.
2. Artery- A thick-walled vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues; vein- a vessel that carries blood from the tissues to the heart |
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1. Aorta
2. Vena Cavae |
1. The major artery of the body; carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
2. the largest veins in the body; bring blood from all parts of the body (except the lungs) to the right atrium. |
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1. Pulmonary Arteries
2. Pulmonary Veins |
1. Blood vessels leading from the right ventricles to the lungs. Contain deoxygenated blood.
2. Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. |
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Summarize the circulatory route in the body. Start with blood returning to heart.
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Vena cava
Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lung capillaries Pulmonary veins Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta |
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The three cellular components of blood
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Red blood cells (erthrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes) (Platelets are cell fragments) |
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1. Antigen
2. Antibody |
1. A foreign substance (usually protein or polysaccharide) that induces an immune response and interacts with specific antibodies).
2. A protein that is produced by lymphocytes in response to a foreign antigen; antibodies bind to antigens and cause agglutination. |
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Which blood type is considered the universal donor? why?
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A person with type O blood type can donate blood to all other ABO blood types because the blood cells lack the surface antigens that trigger agglutination in the host.
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1. T Lymphocyte
2. B Lymphocyte |
1. A type of white blood cell involved with cell-mediated immunity and interactions with B cells; produced in the thymus.
2. A type of white blood cell that is capable of making and secreting a specific type of antibody once it comes into contact with the corresponding antigen. |
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The principle organs of the immune system
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lymph Nodes
Spleen Thymus Bone Marrow |
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Summarize the route of air through the respiratory system
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Nostrils
Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchial Tubes (bronchioles) Alveoli (air sacs) |
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1. Pharynx
2. Epiglottis |
1. The muscular tube that is the gateway to the trachea and digestive tract; the throat.
2. Elastic cartilage at the back of the throat; covers the opening to the respiratory tract during swallowing. |
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1. Trachea
2. Larynx |
1. The windpipe that carries air between the larynx and bronchi.
2. The cartilaginous organ between the pharynx and trachea; the voice box. |
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1. Kidney
2. Renal Artery |
1. Organ that filters blood to remove nitrogenous wastes; also regulates the water and solute balance in the blood.
2. Blood vessel which carries nitrogenous waste containing blood to the kidney |
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1. Nephron
2. Glomerulus |
1. The functional unit of the kidney; one of many tubules involved in filtration and selective reaborption of blood.
2. In the kidney, a dense network of capilaries enclosed by a Bowman's capsule. |
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1. Bowman's Capsule
2. Loop of Henle |
1. In the kidney, a thin-walled cup which surrounds the glomerulus and is involved with forced filtration.
2. A hairpain-shaped section of the renal tubule in which salt and water are reabsorbed into the blood. |
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Urine - Describe its path out of the body
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Consists of water and dissolved waste products from blood.
kidney -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra |
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Seven components of the
Alimentary Canal |
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum |
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List four enzymes present in intestinal juice and their functions.
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Maltase: digests maltose
Lactase: digests milk sugar (lactose) Sucrase: digests cane sugar (sucrose) Lipase: digests fat |
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List four enzymes present in pancreatic juice and their functions.
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Chymotrypsin: digests protein
Trypsin: digests protein Amylase: digests starch Pancreatic Lipase: digests fat |
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What are the end products in the digestion of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates?
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Protein: amino acids
Fat: fatty acids and glycerol Carbohydrate: simple sugars (monosaccharides) |
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Three types of nerve tissue and their location
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Sensory: connects brain & spinal cord with sensory organs
Motor: Connects brain & spinal cord with muscles & glands Associative: within brain & spinal cord |
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1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum |
1. Largest part of the brain; occupies upper part of skull and is responsible for thought, memory, sensation and voluntary movement.
2. The region of brain responsible for balance and coordination of muscles. |
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Medulla Oblongata
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The most posterior portion of the brain; controls involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate and certain reflexes.
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1. Ganglia
2. Central Nervous System |
1. A mass of cytons (cell bodies) located on the sides of the backbone; part of the autonomic nervous system.
2. The brain and spinal cord; most association occurs here. |
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1. Cochlea
2. Tympanic Membrane |
1. Snail-shaped chamber involved with hearing.
2. Eardrum; sound waves beat against it which causes vibrations in he small bones of the ear. |
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Two types of sensory cells in the eye
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Rods: involved with black and white vision
Cones: involved with color vision. |
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1. Retina
2. Cornea |
1. The photosensitive layer of the eye; contains several layers of neurons, rods and cones.
2. The transparent outer layer of the eye. |
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Nine glands that produce hormones
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-Adrenal
-Islands of Langerhans (Pancreas) -Parathyroid -Pineal -Pituitary -Hypothalamus -Thymus -Thyroid -Gonads (Ovaries & Testes) |
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1. Gastrin
2. Secretin |
1. Stomach hormone that stimulates gastric glands to secrete gastric juices.
2. Small intestine hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice. |
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1. Thyroxin
2. Adrenalin |
1. Hormone produced by the thyroid. Regulates the rate of cell metabolism.
2. Adrenal medulla hormone that stimulates heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure. Also named epinephrine. |
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1. Cortisone
2. Growth Hormone |
1. Glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
2. Anterior pituitary hormone that promotes growth. |
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1. Protactin
2. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) |
1. Anterior Pituitary hormone that stimulates production of milk during and after pregnancy.
2. Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroxin. |
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1. Oxytocin
2. Testosterone |
1. Pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contraction.
2. Steroid hormone produced in the testes of the male; regulates male secondary sexual traits and sperm production. |
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1. Estrogen
2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
1. Steroid hormone produced in the ovaries of the female; regulates secondary female sexual traits and the menstrual cycle.
2. Posterior pituitary hormone that regulates the rate of water absorption in the kidneys and intestines (also called vasopressin) |
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1. Fertilization
2. Gamete |
1. The method of reproduction in animals and plants. The two uniting gametes are different in size, shape and activity.
2. A sex cell; it joins with another gamete to form a single cell; called a zygote. ex: sperm, egg. |
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1. Blastula
2. Gastrula |
1. The stage where the embryo has the appearance of a hollow ball of cells, one layer thick
2. The stage where the blastula grows inward to form a cup-like shape with two and then three layers of cells. (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) |
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1. Ectoderm
2. Endoderm |
1. The outer primary germ layer of the gastrula; it develops into the skin and nervous system.
2. The inner, primary germ layer of an animal embryo which develops into internal organs such as the lining of the digestive tract. |
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Mesoderm
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The middle primary germ layer in an animal embryo; it develops into muscles, bones, blood, etc.
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1. Viviparous
2. Ovoviviparous |
1. Animals that give birth to live young; the embyro is developed and nourished internally (human, horse, cat, some sharks)
2. Animals that retain the fertilized eggs in their body until they hatch. (guppies, mosquitofish, some reptiles) |
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Oviparous
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Animals that lay eggs that develop outside the mother's body,
(fish, birds, reptiles and monotremes - the duck-billed platypus) |
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1. Binary Fission
2. Budding |
1. The nucleus of a fully grown cell divides in two and the cell splits into two equal-sized daughter cells. (Amoeba, bacteria)
2. Fully grown cell or organism forms a small cell or outgrowth (bud) which splits from the parent and develops into a separate organism. (ex: yeast, hydra) |
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Spore Formation
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Tiny cells (spores) form in spore cases. They are scattered around when the case bursts. Each spore becomes a new organism. (ex: bread mold)
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1. Ovulation
2. Fallopian Tube |
1. The release of a mature egg (ovum) from its follicle.
2. One of the two tubes in human female through which a mature egg (ovum) passes after being released from the ovary; fertilization occurs here. |
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1. Placenta
2. Umbilical Cord |
1. The organ through which nourishment and waste products are exchanged between the mother and embryo.
2. Structure that connects the placenta to the fetus; contains blood vessels. |
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Amniotic Fluid
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-surrounds the fetus
-Provides a cushioning evironment for protection -Enclosed by the amniotic membrane (amnion) |
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Four stages of the menstrual cycle.
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Follicle stage
Ovulation Luteal Stage Menstruation |
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The four stages of the cell cycle.
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G1 - Growth & Metabolism
S - Synthesis of DNA G2 - Growth & Metabolism M - Mitosis |
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The three stages of interphase
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G1
S G2 |
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The major difference between cells in G1 vs G2
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Cells in the G2 stage have twice as much genetic material (DNA) as those in G1.
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The four phases of mitosis
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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Mitosis
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Nuclear division usually followed by cytoplasmic division which forms two genetically identical daughter cells
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Homologous Chromosomes
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Chromosomes that occur in pairs; they are the same length and have alleles for the same traits at corresponding locations.
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Meiosis
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Cell division which produces haploid gametes from diploid cells. Usually four gametes are formed from one diploid cell.
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1. Haploid
2. Diploid |
1. A cell that contains only 1 chromosome form each homologous pair, ex: gamete
2. A cell that contains a pair of each homologous chromosome; one set is inherited from each parent. ex: body cell, fertilized egg |
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1. Primary sex cells
2. Polar body |
1. Cells contained in the gonads that will eventually become gametes
2. Small, non-functioning cell produced as a result of oogenesis (egg formation). |
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Summarize the work of Gregor Mendel.
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A 19th Century monk who studied heredity in garden pea plants; published first genetic studies; known as the "father of genetics'.
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Mendel's Law of Dominance
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When organisms that are pure breeds for contrasting traits are crossed, the trait expressed by the offspring is the dominant trait.
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Mendel's Law of Segregation
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Modern Form: During meiosis, homologous chromosomes (with the alleles they carry) separate and go to different gamete cells.
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Allele
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One of two or more different forms of a gene.
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1. Homozygous
2. Heterozygous |
1. Having 2 identical alleles for a trait. ex: BB or bb
2. Having 2 different alleles for a trait. ex: Bb or Tt. |
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1. Phenotype
2. Genotype |
1. The expression of a genotype; can be an appearance or function of an organism. (ex: tall, blue eyes, type B blood)
2. The genetic make-up of an organism; the actual genes an organism has for a trait. ex: a cat with a brown-eyed phenotype may have a heterozygous genotype (one allele for brown, one allele for blue) |
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Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
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Modern Form: The inheritance of alleles on one homologous chromosome pair has no effect on the inheritance of alleles on a different homologous chromosome pair.
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Summarize the work of Thomas Hunt Morgan.
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Received the Nobel prize for research on a fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). He located certain genes on the chromosomes (drew maps); discovered x-linked genes.
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1. Linkage
2. Crossing Over |
1. Genes which are inherited together because they are located on the same chromosome they do not independently assort.
2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange genes; results in genetic recombination. |
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Some DOMINANT human traits
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Dark Hair
Curly Hair Normal Pigmentation Rh Positive Blood Normal Color Vision |
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Some RECESSIVE human traits
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Light Hair
Straight Hair Albinism Rh Negative Blood Color Blind Vision |
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Sex Linked Traits (x-linked traits)
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Traits that are carried on the sex chromosomes. (Color-Blindness, Hemophilia)
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Characteristics of Klinefelter's Syndrome.
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-Male with XXY genotype
-Tall Stature Sexually Underdeveloped -May have learning disabilities |
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Characteristics of Turner's Syndrome
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-Female with XO genotype (missing second X)
-Short, webbed neck -Underdeveloped sexually -Sterile -Poor spatial relation skills |
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Watson-Crick DNA model
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"DOUBLE HELIX"
-2 chains of nucleotides running in opposite directions -Chains are connected by bonds between sugars and phosphates -Between chains, nitrogen bases are connected by weak hydrogen bonds. |
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Three types of RNA
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Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA |
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Hardy-Weinberg Equations
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p + q = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p = frequency of dominant allele q = frequency of recessive allele |
