Mcat Bio

Front 1

What does aldosterone do to:
1. Sodium
2. Potassium
3. Hydrogen

Back 1

1. kidney reabsorbs
2. kidney excretes into urine
3. kidney excretes into urine

Front 2

Somatostatin
1. What does it do, in response to what?

Back 2

1. stops insulin and glucagon secretion, in response to high blood glucose levels.

Front 3

In the male anatomy, functions of
1. LH
2. FSH

Back 3

1. LH stimulates interstitial cells to synthesize testosterone
2. FSH stimulates the sertoli cells to cause sperm maturation

Front 4

In regard to the endometrium:
1. estrogen
2. progesterone

Back 4

1. stimulates the development of the endometrium
2. stimulates the maintenance of the endometrium

Front 5

Menstrual cycle with differing levels of hormones:
1. Follicular phase, what is low right now, and what does that do?
2. What does the increased levels of FSH and LH do?
3. Estrogen, at this point, has what kind of feedback mechanism on GnRH, LH and FSH?
4. Estrogen then continues to rise until suddenly, it's feedback mechanism changes to...
5. Which causes what kind of surge, and what kind of event?
6. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which together with estrogen now have what kind of feedback mechanism on GnRH, LH and FSH?
7. In the absence of fertilization, what happens to the corpus luteum, and subsequent hormone levels?
8. In the event of pregnancy, what happens, and what do the hormone levels do?

Back 5

1. Estrogen and progesterone are low, so GnRH is stimulated, as is FSH and LH.
2. FSH and LH cause the ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen.
3. Negative
4. Positive
5. LH and FSH surge, leading to ovulation. Estrogen levels decline briefly.
6. Negative
7. The corpus luteam atrophies, progesterone production is halted, and the endometrium is sloughed.
8. Implantation occurs, and the placenta produces HcG, which sustains the corpus luteum through the first trimester. Later, the placenta takes over with the progesterone production.

Front 6

Cellular respiration run down:
1. products of glycolysis
2. products of pyruvate decarboxylation
3. products of one turn of CAC
4. When ADP is sent through proton gradient to form ATP, which compartments did it travel through?
5. What need is fulfilled when lactic acid is produced in anaerobic condictions?

Back 6

1. 2 atp, 2 nadh, 2 pyruvate
2. 2 x 1 NADH, 1 acetyl coA
3. 2 x 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
4. From inter membrane space into mitochondrial matrix
5. Anaerobic conditions lead to a build up of NADH, lactic acid production provides NAD+

Front 7

Beta oxidation of fatty acids:
What are the products

Back 7

1 acetyl coA (1 turn of krebs cycle)
1 NADH
1 FADH2

Front 8

1. Thymus: Location and function
2. Thyroid: location and function

Back 8

1. Chest, immune system, T cell college
2. Around trachea, metabolism. T3, T4, calcitonin

Front 9

1. Prolactin: gland it's secreted from, function
2. Oxytocin: gland it's secreted from, function

Back 9

1. Anterior pituitary, milk production
2. Posterior pituitary, milk letdown

Front 10

1. Enterokinase: Gland and function
2. Cholecystokinin: Gland and function

Back 10

1. Duodenum, cleave trypsinogen to trypin
1. Duodenum, releases digestive enzymes from pancreas, and bile from gall bladder

Front 11

Are gastrin and cck hormones of the endocrine system?

Back 11

sure as hell are.

Front 12

Adrenal Glands
1. Hormones in the adrenal cortex
2. Hormones in the adrenal medulla

Back 12

1. Minerallocoritcoids (aldosterone), Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone), Androgens (male sex hormones)
2. Catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

Front 13

1. Peptide hormones: Response time, longevity
2. Steroid hormones: response time, longevity

Back 13

1. Fast response time, short lived
2. Slow response time, long lived

Front 14

How can you tell the difference between new and old strands of a freshly replicated double helix?

Back 14

The older strand will be methylated. The brand new one won't.

Front 15

SARCOMERE
1. A band
2. I band
3. H zone
4. Z line
5. All but what change length upon contraction?
6. Which is the thin filament?

Back 15

1. Length of thick filaments, no matter what
2. Length of exclusive thin filament
3. Length of exclusive thick filament
4. Separates the sarcomeres into units
5. All but the A band change length
6. The one attached to the Z line

Front 16

Action potential in muscle, starting with calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Back 16

Calcium binds to troponin
Tropomyosin moves, revealing myosin binding site on actin
Myosin binds to actin
Power stroke

Front 17

Muscle cells:
1. Skeletal muscle: Nucleus, striation
2. Smooth muscle: Nucleus, striation
3. Cardiac Muscle: Nucleus, striation

Back 17

1. Striated, multinucleate
2. Not striated, uninucleate
3. Striated, 1-2 nuclei

Front 18

Cori cycle

Back 18

Lactate from muscles is moved to the liver and transformed into glucose

Front 19

Evolution:
1. Homologous Structures
2. Analogous structures
3. Divergence
4. Genetic Drift
5. Gene Flow

Back 19

1. structures that came from same evolutionary origin (human wings, bat wings)
2. structures that serve the same purpose but did not come from same evolutionary origin (wasp wing, bat wings)
3. change in genetics that leads to speciation
4. Change in composition of gene pool due to chance
5. Change in genome composition due to emmigration and immigration

Front 20

Natural selection:
1. Stabilizing selection
2. Directional Selection
3. Disruptive Selection

Back 20

1. Maintenance of the status quo
2. Some natural force causes the species to change over time, like the ddt resistant mosquitos
3. Some condition favors two extremes. Darwin's finches having small or large beaks, but not medium, because medium beaks died out due to seed size