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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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androgyny |
state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine |
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undifferentiated |
those who achieve low scores on both feminine and masculine scales |
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hierarchy of salience |
we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment |
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self-discrepancy theory |
our self concept is made up of: actual self (who we see ourselves to be) ideal self (who we want to be) ought self (who others think we should be) the closer those three are, the more self-esteem we have |
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self-efficacy |
our belief in our ability to succeed |
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Freud theory |
libido (sex drive) is always present; fixation occurs when child is overindulged or frustrated during any stage at which they get stuck; result is neurosis |
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Freud's psychosexual identity development stages |
1. oral stage (0 to 1 year) --> excessive dependency 2. anal stage (1 to 3 years) --> excessive orderliness or sloppiness 3. phallic or Oedipal stage (3 to 5 years) --> resolution of Oedipal or Electra conflict (males fear castration, girls have penis envy); child sublimates (de-eroticizes) libidinal energy 4. latency (until puberty) 5. genital stage (puberty to adulthood) --> homosexuality, asexuality, or fetishism |
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Erik Erikson psychosocial identity development stages |
1. trust vs. mistrust (0 to 1 year) --> Can I trust the world? 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1 to 3 years) --> Is it okay to be me? 3. initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years) --> Is it okay for me to do, move and act? 4. industry vs. inferiority (6 to 12 years) --> Can i make it in the world of people and things? 5. identity vs. role confusion (12 to 20 years) encompasses physiological revolution --> Who am I? What can I be? 6. intimacy vs. isolation (20 to 40 years) --> Can I love? 7. generativity vs. stagnation (40 to 65 years) --> Can I make my life count? 8. integrity vs. despair (above 65 years) --> Is it okay to have been me? |
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Kohlberg moral reasoning identity stagest |
Phase 1: preconventional morality (preadolescence) - obedience - self interest or instrumental relativist stage (reciprocity and sharing concepts) Phase 2: conventional morality (early adolescence) - conformity - law and order Phase 3: postconventional morality (not everyone reaches, based on social mores which may conflict with laws) - social contract - universal human ethics |
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Lev Vigotsky's identity theory: cultural and biosocial development |
engine driving cognitive development is child's internalization of culture; zone of proximal development refers to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development and require the help of a more knowledgable other |
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psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality |
assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate overt actions and determine personality; most notably Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Karen Horney |
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id |
Freud functions according the pleasure principle in which the aim is to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent-up tension; primary process is the response which says to obtain satisfaction now; wish fulfillment such as daydreaming fulfills need for satisfaction |
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ego |
Freud operates according to the reality principle which takes into account objective reality; secondary process is the guidance or inhibition of the id, it postpones pleasure until satisfaction can be obtained |
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superego |
two subsystems: 1. conscience, a collection of improper actions for which a child is punished 2. ego-ideal, proper actions for which child is rewarded |
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Freud's levels of thought |
1. conscious - thoughts we are aware of 2. preconscious - thoughts we are not yet aware of 3. unconscious - thought that we have repressed |
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Eros |
what Freud referred to as life instincts; promoted by thirst, hunger and sexual need |
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Thanatos |
what Freud referred to as death instincts; promoted by trauma reenacting or focusing on traumatic experiences |
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defense mechanisms |
relieve anxiety caused by clash of id and superego; they first deny, falsify or distort reality; second, they operate unconsciously; include repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, and sublimation |
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repression |
ego's way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious; unconscious forgetting |
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supression |
a more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting |
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reaction formation |
when individuals suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites |
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Rorschach inkblot test |
makes use of projection |
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Thematic Apperception test |
makes use of projection; series of pictures that a client makes up a story about |
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sublimation |
transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors |
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Carl Jung personality theory |
conscious personal unconscious collective unconscious - made up of archetypes: persona (mask we wear in public), anima (feminine, sex-inappropriate qualities), animus (masculine, sex-inappropriate qualities), shadow (appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions in our consciousness) self is point of intersection between all three; symbolized self as a mandala (circle) |
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Carl Jung dichotomies of personality |
1. extraversion vs. introversion 2. sensing (objective information about world) vs. intuiting (working with information abstractly) 3. thinking vs. feeling laid foundation for Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI), but that added judging (orderliness) vs. perceiving (spontaneity) |
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Alfred Adler personality theory |
focused on the immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors |
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inferiority complex |
Alfred Adler individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially; striving for superiority drives personality; enhances personality when oriented toward benefitting society, yields disorder when selfish |
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creative self |
Alfred Adler force by which individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality |
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style of life |
Alfred Adler person's unique way of achieving superiority; family environment is crucial in molding |
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fictional finalism |
notion that an individual is motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences |
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Karen Horney |
postulated that individuals with neurotic personalities are governed by one of ten neurotic needs ex: affection, approval, need to exploit others, self-sufficiency and independence |
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basic anxiety |
Karen Horney caused by inadequate parenting which causes vulnerability and helplessness |
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basic hostility |
Karen Horney anger caused by neglect and rejection |
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reaction to basic anxiety and hostility |
moving toward people moving against people withdrawing from people healthy individuals use all three while unhealthy individuals rely heavily on one |
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object relations theory |
object refers to representation of parents or caregiver and interactions with object influence all other social bonds and predictions of others' behaviors |
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humanistic or phenomenological theorists of personality |
focus on value of individuals and take a more person-centered approach, describing those ways in which healthy people strive toward self-realization; personality is result of conscious feelings we have for ourselves as we attempt to attain our needs and goals |
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Gestalt therapy |
humanists; holistic view of self |
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force field theory |
Kurt Lewin, humanist field = one's current state of mind which is sum of forces at that time two groups of forces: those assisting attainment of goals and those blocking the path to them |
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Abraham Maslow, humanist |
hierarchy of needs; successful people have nonhostile sense of humor, originality, creativity, spontaneity and need for privacy; self-actualizers had peak experiences |
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personal construct theory |
George Kelly, humanist individual is a scientist and anxious people have difficulty constructing and understanding variables in environment |
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Carl Rogers, humanist |
client-centered/person-centered/nondirective therapy people have freedom to control behavior; helps reconcile differences between various selves but doesn't provide solutions or diagnoses; unconditional positive regard |
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type theorists |
attempt to create taxonomy of personality types ex: humors (yellow bile = aggressive and dominant, black bile = depressive and cautious, blood = impulsive and charismatic and phlegm = relaxed and affectionate); somatotypes (based on body type); type A and B; Myers-Briggs Type Inventory |
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trait theorists |
describe individual personality as sum of a person's characteristic behaviors |
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Hans and Sybil Eysencks' PEN model |
trait theory Psychoticism = nonconformity Extraversion Neuroticism = emotional arousal in stressful situation |
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Big Five |
trait theory expanded on PEN model to include openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism |
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cardinal trait |
Gordon Allport trait theory traits around which a person organizes her life; not everyone has this |
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central traits |
Gordon Allport trait theory represent major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer |
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secondary traits |
Gordon Allport trait theory personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence: aspects of one's personality that only appear in close groups or specific social situations |
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functional autonomy |
Godron Allport trait theory a behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior |
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need for achievement (N-Ach) |
David McClelland personality trait these individuals avoid high risks (to avoid failing) and low risks (because easy tasks will not generate a sense of achievement) |
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behaviorist personality theories |
championed by B.F. SKinner; based heavily on the concepts of operant conditioning |
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token economies |
therapy often used under behaviorist personality theories; tokens reinforce positive behavior |
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social cognitive personality perspective |
focuses not just on how our environment influences our behavior but also on how we interact with that environment |
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reciprocal determinism |
social cognitive personality perspective Albert Bandura refers to the idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation |
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locus of control |
social cognitive personality perspective some people feel more in control of their environment while others feel that their environment controls them |
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biological personality perspective |
personality can be explained as a result of genetic expression in the brain; closely linked to trait perspectives because traits are result of genes |
