Mcat Behavioral Sciences Chapter 1 And 2

Front 1

The study of the connection between the nervous system and behavior that most often focuses on the functions of the various brain regions

Back 1

neuropsychology

Front 2

What are the 3 types of neurons in the nervous system?

Back 2

Sensory, motor, and interneurons

Front 3

Another name for sensory neruons

Back 3

afferent neurons

Front 4

another name for motor neurons

Back 4

Efferent neurons

Front 5

These use the ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay information to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain

Back 5

Reflex arcs

Front 6

Made up of the brain and spinal cord

Back 6

central nervous system

Front 7

made up of most of the cranial and spinal nerves

Back 7

Peripheral nervous system

Front 8

what is the PNS divided into?

Back 8

The somatic and autonomic divisions

Front 9

The voluntary division of the PNS

Back 9

Somatic

Front 10

the automatic division of the PNS

Back 10

autonomic

Front 11

what is the autonomic system divided into?

Back 11

The parasympathetic and sympathetic branches

Front 12

the rest-and-digest branch of the autonomic system

Back 12

Parasympathetic

Front 13

The fight-or-flight branch of the autonomic system

Back 13

sympathetic

Front 14

what are the 3 subdivisions of the brain

Back 14

Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

Front 15

Contains the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation

Back 15

hindbrain

Front 16

Contains the inferior and superior colliculi

Back 16

Midbrain

Front 17

contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system and cerebral cortex

Back 17

forebrain

Front 18

the relay station for sensory information

Back 18

Thalamus

Front 19

Maintains homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system

Back 19

Hypothalamus

Front 20

Smoothen movements and help maintain postural stability

Back 20

Basal ganglia

Front 21

contains the septal nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus and controls emotion and memory

Back 21

limbic system

Front 22

these are involved with feelings of pleasure, pleasure-seeking behavior, and addiction

Back 22

Septal nuclei

Front 23

this controls fear and aggression

Back 23

amygdala

Front 24

this consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through an extension called the fornix

Back 24

hippocampus

Front 25

what 4 lobes is the cerebral cortex divided into?

Back 25

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

Front 26

This lobe controls executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function, and speech production

Back 26

frontal lobe

Front 27

This lobe controls sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain; spatial processing; orientation; and manipulation

Back 27

parietal lobe

Front 28

this lobe controls visual processing

Back 28

Occipital lobe

Front 29

this lobe controls sound processing, speech perception, memory and emotion

Back 29

Temporal lobe

Front 30

Which hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere for language in most individuals?

Back 30

Left hemisphere

Front 31

these are released by neurons to carry a signal to another neuron or effector

Back 31

neurotransmitters

Front 32

This neurotransmitter is used by the somatic nervous system to move muscles, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the CNS for alertness

Back 32

Acetylcholine

Front 33

this neurotransmitter maintain smooth movements and steady posture

Back 33

dopamine

Front 34

These 2 neurotransmitters act as natural painkillers

Back 34

endorphins and enkephalins

Front 35

These 2 neurotransmitters maintain wakefulness and alertness and mediate flight-or-fight responses

Back 35

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 36

These 2 neurotransmitters act as brain "stabilizers"

Back 36

GABA and glycine

Front 37

This neurotransmitter acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Back 37

Glutamate

Front 38

This neurotransmitter modulates mood, sleep patters, eating patterns, and dreaming

Back 38

Serotonin

Front 39

What ties the endocrine system to the nervous system?

Back 39

the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

Front 40

A stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

Back 40

Cortisol

Front 41

These mediate libido and are released by the adrenal cortex

Back 41

Testosterone and estrogen

Front 42

These cause physiological changes associated with the sympathetic nervous system and are released by the adrenal medulla

Back 42

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 43

these studies compare concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Back 43

twin studies

Front 44

How does the nervous system develop?

Back 44

through neurolation

Front 45

What does the neural tube become?

Back 45

the CNS

Front 46

What does the neural crest become?

Back 46

its cells spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues

Front 47

when an infant turns his or her head toward anything that brushes the cheek

Back 47

rooting reflex

Front 48

when an infant extends their arms then slowly retracts them and cries in response to a sensation of falling

Back 48

Moro reflex

Front 49

when the big toe of an infant is extended and the other toes fan in response to the brushing of the sole of the foot

Back 49

Babinski reflex

Front 50

when an infant grabs anything put in his or her hand

Back 50

grasping reflex

Front 51

in a child, gross and fine motor abilities progress in what ways?

Back 51

head to toe and core to periphery

Front 52

the conversion or transduction of physical, electromagnetic, auditory and other information from the internal and external environments into electrical signals in the nervous system

Back 52

sensation

Front 53

the processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance

Back 53

perception

Front 54

nerves that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

Back 54

sensory receptors

Front 55

collections of cell bodies outside of the CNS

Back 55

sensory ganglia

Front 56

where sensory stimuli are transmitted in the brain to further analyze sensory input

Back 56

projection areas

Front 57

receptors that respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum (sight)

Back 57

photoreceptors

Front 58

receptors that respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures (hearing, linear acceleration and rotational acceleration)

Back 58

hair cells

Front 59

receptors that respond to painful or noxious stimuli (somatosensation)

Back 59

nociceptors

Front 60

receptors that respond to changes in temperature (thermosensation)

Back 60

thermoreceptors

Front 61

receptors that respond to the osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis)

Back 61

osmoreceptors

Front 62

receptors that respond to dissolved compounds

Back 62

taste receptors

Front 63

the minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction

Back 63

threshold

Front 64

the minimum energy stimulus that is needed to activate a sensory system

Back 64

absolute threshold

Front 65

the minimum of stimulus energy that will create a signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brought into awareness

Back 65

threshold of conscious perception

Front 66

the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive the difference

Back 66

difference threshold

Front 67

states that the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and that this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

Back 67

Weber's Law

Front 68

refers to the effects of non-sensory factors such as experiences, motives and expectations, on perception of stimuli

Back 68

signal detection theory

Front 69

refers to a decrease in response to a stimulus over time

Back 69

adaptation

Front 70

an organ specialized to detect light in the form of photons

Back 70

eye

Front 71

the part of the eye that gathers and filters incoming light

Back 71

cornea

Front 72

the part of the eye that divides the front of the eye into the anterior and posterior chambers

Back 72

iris

Front 73

what 2 muscles does the iris contain?

Back 73

dilator pupillae and constrictor pupillae

Front 74

this part of the eye refracts incoming light to focus is on the retina

Back 74

lens

Front 75

what does the ciliary body produce?

Back 75

aqueous humor

Front 76

photoreceptors that detect light and dark

Back 76

rods

Front 77

photoreceptors that detect color

Back 77

cones

Front 78

the part of the retina that contains mostly cones

Back 78

macula

Front 79

the center of the macula that contains only cones

Back 79

fovea

Front 80

what do rods and cones synapse on?

Back 80

bipolar cells

Front 81

What is the bulk of the eye supported by on the INSIDE?

Back 81

vitreous

Front 82

What is the bulk of the eye supported by on the OUTSIDE?

Back 82

sclera and choroid

Front 83

what is color detected by?

Back 83

cones

Front 84

what is shape detected by?

Back 84

parvocellular cells

Front 85

what is motion detected by?

Back 85

magnocellular cells

Front 86

list the order of the visual pathway.

Back 86

starts from the eye, travels through the optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and visual radiations to get to the visual cortex

Front 87

What lobes do the visual radiations run through?

Back 87

parietal and temporal

Front 88

what lobe is the visual cortex in?

Back 88

occipital lobe

Front 89

how is vision processed?

Back 89

parallel processing

Front 90

the ability to simultaneous analyze and combine information regarding color, shape and motion

Back 90

parallel processing

Front 91

what is the ear divided into?

Back 91

outer, middle, and inner ear

Front 92

consists of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane

Back 92

outer ear

Front 93

what connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity?

Back 93

Eustachian tube

Front 94

consists of the ossicles

Back 94

middle ear

Front 95

what is the bony labyrinth of the inner ear filled with?

Back 95

perilymph

Front 96

what is the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear filled with?

Back 96

endolymph

Front 97

this part of the membranous labyrinth detects sound

Back 97

cochlea

Front 98

these parts of the membranous labyrinth detect linear acceleration

Back 98

utricle and saccule

Front 99

these parts of the membranous labyrinth detect rotational acceleration

Back 99

semicircular canals

Front 100

List the order of the auditory pathway.

Back 100

Starts from the cochlea and travels through the vestibulocochlear nerve and medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to get to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

Front 101

chemicals given off by animals that have an effect on social, foraging and sexual behavior in other members of that species

Back 101

pheromones

Front 102

the detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in papillae

Back 102

taste

Front 103

what are the 5 modalities of taste?

Back 103

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory

Front 104

what are the 4 touch modalities?

Back 104

pressure, vibration, pain and temperature

Front 105

the normal temperature of skin to which objects are compared to if they feel "warm" or "cold"

Back 105

physiological zero

Front 106

refers to the ability to tell where one's body is in 3D space

Back 106

kinesthetic sense (proprioception)

Front 107

ways that the brain can infer missing parts of a picture when it is incomplete

Back 107

Gestalt principle