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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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membrane excitability
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depolarization leads to higher Na+ permeability, Na+ influx self reinforcing bring to a peak (depolarization and overshoot), K+ permeability increase, repolarization, Na-K pump restore the normal ion concentration gradient. `
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cardiac muscle excitability
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L-type Ca channel
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smooth muscle excitability
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slow Ca channel; lack Na channel
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nerve conduction
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from dendrites to axon
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special feature at each part of nerve cell
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dendrites: graded potential, soma: integrated (temporal summation and spatial summation), axon hillock or trigger zone (dense low threshold of Na channel), Action potential throughout to the axonal end, trigger neurotransmitter release.
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how action potential spread in axon?
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myelinated axon: high Rm, high length constant. potential only spread along the myelin sheath until reach the node of Ranvier (dense low threshold Na channel and non-myelinated) ... saltatory propagation
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why myelinated?
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low Ra, faster spread; low Cm, low time constant; high Rm length constant. shorter charging/depolarization time and less likely to spread outside (low permeability)
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graded potential : EPSP, IPSP
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excitatory postsynaptic potential, inhibitory postsynaptic potential
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synaptic transmission chemical
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presynaptic: opening of voltage dependent Ca channels, influx of Ca, fusion of vesicles carrying neurotransmitter by exocytosis; postsynaptic: ligand-gated ion channels binding of neurotransmiqtter to protein receptor, change polarity of some ions, trigger potential spread
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electrical synaptic transmission
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gap junction called connexons
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latent period
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excitation-contraction coupling
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tetanus
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rapidly delivered stimuli, increase contractile force
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5 factors leading to muscle fatigue
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decrease in glycogen, hypoglycemia, inability to supply ATP, high H+ concentration, metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, damage to skeletal muscle,
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Fibrous astrocyte
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Fibrous astrocyte: found mainly in white matter; has long, usually unbranched processes.
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Protoplasmic astrocyte
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Protoplasmic astrocyte: found mainly in gray matter; has shorter, thicker, highly branched processes.
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3 Functions of astrocytes:
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keep extracellular K+ low; phagocytize neuronal debris and fill in space to form glial scar after injury; Processes of astrocytes also cover surface of capillaries within the CNS and form the structural basis of blood-brain-barrier
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formation of Myelin Sheath
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oligodendrocyte in CNS or Schwann cell in PNS
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3 cut of brain
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Sagittal, Horizontal, Coronal
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4 lobes in brain
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frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobe
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brain stem
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pon, medulla oblongata, midbrain: ascending and descending pathways pass through; life centers, nuclei of cranial nerve
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spinal cord
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8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal
segments |
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Cerebral cortex
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Cognition, perception and Voluntary movement
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Limbic system
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memory and Emotion, Sleep and wakefulness
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Parkinson's disease cause
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substantia nigra, basal ganglia
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Frontal Lobotomy effects x4
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lower moral standard, ill-tempered, cannot concentrate, personality change, loss of emotional thought, difficulty in planning
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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limbic system components 2
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Amygdala, Hippocampus
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where do cell bodies locate?
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somatic motor system in CNS, somatic sensory in dorsal root ganglion
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:S
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:S
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spinal nerves : 4 plexuses you need to know
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cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
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cervical plexus
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C1-4, Innervates superficial neck, skin of neck and posterior of head
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Phrenic nerve
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C3-5, innervate diaphragm
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Brachial Plexus
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C5-T1, 5 rami, 3 trunks, 6 divisions (anterior,posterior divisions), cords. e.g. Axillary, radial, ulnar, median, Musculocutaneous.
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Lumbar plexus
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L1-4
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Sacral plexus
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L4-S4
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4 major nerve from Lumbosacral Plexus
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Obturator, Femoral, tibial, Common fibular, (Sciatic nerve)
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sensory ganglia in dorsal root ganglia
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Psedo-unipolar neurons surrounded by satellite cells,
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Autonomic Ganglia in ______ surrounded by _________.
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sympathetic trunk, within innovated organs; satellite cells
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Seddon’s classification
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Neuropraxia, Axonotmesis, Neurotmesis
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define Neuropraxia
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injury without any anatomical discontinuity but resulting in functional disruption
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define Axonotmesis
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Axonotmesis: microscopic division of nerve fibers (axon); no obvious discontinuity of the nerve sheath.
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in ANS, cell bodies/Center of sympathetic system are from?
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intermediolateral cell column (lateral horn) of the T1-L3 spinal cord.
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in ANS, cell bodies/Center of parasympathetic system is from ?
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the brain stem and S2-4 spinal cord
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Higher center of autonomic system ?
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hypothalamus
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how long is sympathetic trunk?
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The trunk extends from the base of the skull to the coccyx on the ventrolateral side of the vertebral column
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name what the 3 pathways of the preganglionic fibre can do?
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1. synaptic contacts with postganglionic neurons in the paravertebral ganglion; 2. pass up and down in the sympathetic trunk; 3. communicate with prevertebral ganglia (celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, or inferior mesenteric ganglion)
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white communicating ramus (T1-L3)
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preganglionic fibers and visceral afferent fibers
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telencephalon function and components
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cerebral hemispheres - motor, thinking, emotion, sensory, behavior; basal ganglia - motor
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not enough vitamin A (retinol) results:
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1. night blindness, 2. xerophthalmia, 3 .keratinization of the mucus secreting cells, 4. malnutrition and infection
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non polar amino acid, hydrophobic, inner core of protein
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Gly, Ala, Pro, Val, Ile, Leu, Met (Val, Ile, Leu, Met) essential
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aa with aromatic group
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Trp, Phe, Tyr, (essential Trp, Phe) Tyr is essential newborn
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aa with polar
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Ser, thr, cys, asn (asparagine) Gln, (thr essential; cys for newborn)
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aa with acidic
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Glu, Asp
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aa with basic
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Lys, His, Arg, (essential Lys; newborn: His, Arg
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with -OH aa
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threonine, tyrosine, serine
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tyrosine make:
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dopa, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline,
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tryptophan make
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serotonin
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Lesch Nyhan syndrome
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defects in salvaging pathway, depletion of purine and production of uric acid, lead to impaired brain development
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salvaging pathway
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purine --> nucleoside --> hypoxanthine
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vitamin E full name
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alpha tocopherol
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vitamins b full name
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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (Niacin); Vitamin B9 (Folic acid); Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine); Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins);
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vitamin K
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Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone)
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Methotrexate. trimethoprim, fluorouracil
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dihydrofolate --> tetrahydrofolate (blocked)
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femoral triangle
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sartorius, adductor longus, inguinal ligament
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dorsalis pedis pulsation
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lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon
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passive control of the blood vessel radius
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transmural pressure and compliance
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active control of blood vessel radius
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metabolic waste autoregulation, myogenic autoregulation, neural, hormonal
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factors contribute to compliance 4pt
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thickness, components, pathology, neurological
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three hormones that constrict the blood vessels
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angiotensin, antidiuretic, adrenaline
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fenestrated capillaries sites
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kidney, endocrine glands, intestine
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pericytes
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pericytes
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how lymph drain back into the heart
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right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct
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adenosine receptor can be found in ?
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cardiomyocytes, neutrophils, endothelial cells, macrophages
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haemoglobin breakdown where?
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extravascular tissue MQ
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haemoglobin breakdown into
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globin, iron and protoporphyrin
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protoporphyrin to urine/stool
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protoporphyrin, bilirubin, bilirubin glucuronide (liver), urobilinogen and stercobilinogen (intestine)
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chronic blood loss 4 pt
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genital: menorrhagia; gastrointestinal bleeding; pulmonary: haemoptysis; Urinary tract: haematuria
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four reasons of anaemia
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production defect: bone marrow defect (ineffective and inadequate); destruction by haemolysis (RBC enzyme membrane or antibody-mediated, toxin), sequestration (hypersplenism), dilution
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anaemia is
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low haemoglobin / blood volume
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four heart sound heard, ECG diagram
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P, Q, R, S
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