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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gynecology
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The branch of medicine dealing with health care for women, especially the diagnosis, treatment and the prevention of disorders affecting the female reproductive organs.
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Obstetrics
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The branch of medicine that deals with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the recuperative period following delivery especially the diagnosis and the treatment of disorders.
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Scope of Practice
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●Maternal nursing includes a wide scope of practice:
●Care of the woman before pregnancy ●Care of the woman and the fetus during pregnancy ●Care of the woman after the pregnancy ●Care of the newborn, during the first 6 weeks of life. |
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Goal of the maternal and the newborn nursing
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Goal of the maternal nursing
●Promote and maintain optimal health of the woman and her family Goal of the newborn nursing ●Promote newborn health(health promotion) ●Disease prevention |
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Core concepts of Maternal and Child Health Nursing
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●Evidence based care within the context of the family
●Ensure continuity of the care ●Cost - effective care ●Quality - oriented care ●Outcome -focused care |
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Core Concepts of Maternal and Child Health Nursing
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● Family - centered care: focus on the needs of the family; family as the constant
●Evidence - based, case - managed care: use of research or evidence for planning and implementing care; interdisciplinary collaborative approach ●Atraumatic pediatric care: Interventions to minimize physical and psychological distress for children and families ●Case-managed care |
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Evidence - based practice
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●Use of research or evidence to establish a plan of care and to implement that care.
●Is a problem - solving approach to making nursing clinical decisions ●Interdisciplinary plan of care designed to meet client's physical, psychosocial, mental, educational, spiritual, developmental needs. |
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Family-centered care
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●Childbirth is considered a normal, healthy event in the life of a family
●Childbirth affects the entire family and interpersonal relationships ●Families are capable of making decisions about their care if given adequate information and support. |
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Case-managed care
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●Collaborative process involving assessment, planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring, and evaluation.
●Several components -Advocacy -Communication -Resource management -Client - focused care across a continuum -coordinated care |
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Health Status
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●Mortality: number who have died over a specific period
-Maternal mortality rate: number of deaths from any cause during pregnancy/ 100,000 live births ●Embolism, hemorrhage, pregnancy-related hypertension, and infection as leading causes ●United States ranking: 21st ●Maternal mortality rate (MMR) in US is 7.5 |
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Health Status
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-Fetal mortality rate: number of fetal deaths(20 weeks or older)/1,000 live births
●Exact cause unknown ●Maternal factors: malnutrition, disease, preterm cervical dilation ●Fetal factors: chromosomal abnormalities, poor placental attachment |
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Health Status
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-Neonatal mortality rate: number of infant deaths(in first 28 days)/ 1,000 live births
-Infant mortality rate: number of infant deaths(in first 12 months)/ 1,000 live births ●United States ranking: 27th among industrialized nations ●Causes: Prematurity, low birthweight, congenital anomalies, sudden infant death syndrome ●Infant mortality rate in US: 6.0 |
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Health Status
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-Childhood mortality rate: number of deaths/100,000 population in children 1 to 14 years of age
● Leading cause: motor vehicle accidents ●Other causes: suicide, homicide, and deaths related to HIV |
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Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health: Family
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●Family
-Definitions changing over time -U.S. Census Bureau definition: a group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together ●Family theories and models |
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Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health: Family
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●Family structure
-Organization of the family unit -Members gained or lost through various events -Traditional nuclear family no longer considered the dominant family structure |
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Family Structures
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●Same sex family
●Communal family ●Foster family ●Grandparents-as-parent families ●Adolescent families |
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Family Structures
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●Nuclear family
●Binuclear family ●Single-parent family ●Commuter family ●Step-or blended family ●Extended family |
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Parenting styles
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●Authoritarian style:
Parents expect unquestioning obedience from the child ●Democratic style Parents show some respect for the opinions of children ●Permissive or Laisssz-faire style Parents exert little control over the behavior of their children |
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Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health: Family
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● Parenting and discipline: increasing desired behaviors and decreasing or eliminating undesirable behaviors; need of child to feelsecure and loved
●Changes in roles over time: evolve from societal, economic, and individual family changes ●Changes in family structure and roles due to divorce, single parenting, blending families, adoption, foster care |
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Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health: Society
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●Social roles: important for developing self-concept
●Socioeconomic status -Poverty -Homelessness(families with children are the fastest -growing segment of homeless population) |
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Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health:Genetics
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●Study of heredity
●Gender determination: influence on physical characteristics, personal attributes, and behaviors -Some diseases are mor3 prevalent in a specific gender ● Race: biological differences in members of particular group -Some variations are normal in a race but considered a disorder in other races |
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Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health: Society
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● Media: images and information are not always in person's best interest
●Violence: domestic violence, youth violence ●Community: schools, peer groups, neighborhood connectedness |
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Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health: Health Status and Lifestyle
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●Developmental level and disease distribution variable with age
●Nutrition: deficiencies or excesses ●Lifestyle choices: exercise, use of tobacco, drugs, or alcohol ●Environmental exposure ●Stress Nd coping:exposure to traumatic events, crises, inadequate support systems, violence |
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Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health: Culture
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●Need for cultural competence
●Cultural groups -Subcultures -Ethnicity -Ethnocentrism, leading to stereotyping and labeling ●Spirituality and religion ●Cultural diversity |
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Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health: Health Care Cost Containment
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●Quality of care maintenance while attempting to reduce health care costs; shorter hospital stays; increased awareness of cost of supplies and services
●Access to health care: provision of health care within a limited resource environment and access to services; health care insurance reimbursement |
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Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health: Health Care Cost Containment
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●Preventive care focus: anticipatory guidance and education
●Continuum of care focus: provision of more efficient and effective services |
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Barriers to Health Care
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●Finances: limited or no health insurance; poverty
●Transportation: lack of car; inability to use public transportation; need to bring other children along on visit |
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Barriers to Health Care
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●Language and culture: difficulties in communicating information; beliefs r/to some form of tx.
●Health care delivery system: earlier discharge; possible limits for speciality care; clinic hours; negative attitudes toward poor or culturally div3rse families by some health care providers |
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Legal and Ethical Issues in Maternal and Child Health Care
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●Abortion: Legal, social and political issue; nurses struggle with personal beliefs and professional duty
●Substance abuse: Fetal injury if woman is pregnant; possible charges of negligence and child endangerment ●Fetal therapy: Medical technology vs. nature; better quality of life via surgical intervention |
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Legal and Ethical Issues in Maternal and Child Health Care
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●Informed consent
-Nurse's responsibility ● Ensuring from is completed with signatures ●Serving as witness to signature process ● Determining client, family understanding of what they are signing through appropriate questions |
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Legal and Ethical Issues in Maternal and Child Health Care
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●Informed consent
-Age of Majority(18 yrs fo age) -Parental autonomy for children in refusal of treatment -Exceptions: emancipated minor; mature minor; specific situations -Assent: dependent on child's developmental level and maturity; recommendations of AAP and Society of Pediatric Nurses |
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Legal and Ethical Issues in Maternal and Child Health Care
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-Client's rights
-During pregnancy, 2 rights: those of mother and fetus -Child's Bill of Rights -Parents as the ultimate decision-makers for children |
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Legal and Ethical Issues in Maternal and Child Health Care
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-Confidentiality
-HIPPA -Exceptions: mandatory reporting for abuse, injuries due to weapons or criminal acts, infectious diseases, threat to an identifiable person |
