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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Convergence
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The coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in a digital environment
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3 Types of Convergence
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1. Technological Convergence (books to e-books)
2. Economic Convergence (Comcast with NBC Universal) 3. Cultural Convergence (Sex and the City in India example) |
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Interpersonal Communication:
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Communication between two or more individuals, usually in a small group, although it can involve communication between a live speaker and an audience
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Consolidation
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The process of large companies merging with each other or absorbing other companies, forming even bigger companies
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Synchronous media
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Media that takes place in real time, such as live television or radio, that require to be present during the broadcast or performance
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Asynchronous Media
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Media that do nor require the audience to assemble at a given time. Examples of asynchronous media are printed materials and recorded audio or video
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Media Literacy
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The process of interacting with media content and critically analyzing it by considering its particular presentation, its underlying political or social messages, and ownership and regulation issues that may affect what is presented and in what form
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Digitization
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The process in which media is made into computer-readable form
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Viral marketing
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Spreading news and information about media content through word of mouth, usually via online discussion groups, chats, and emails, without utilizing traditional advertising and marketing methods
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Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
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An act of Congress in 1998 that reformed copyright law comprehensively in trying to update it for the digital age. Key provisions addressed the circumvention of copyright protection systems, fair use in a digital environment, and Internet service providers’ (ISP) liability for content sent through their lines; DRM technologies or security codes are used to protect copyrighted works from being illegally copied.
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Multimedia
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A combination of different types of media in on package.
Example: Web pages that combine text, video, animation, audio, or graphics are a form of multimedia |
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Interactivity
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Although an exact definition is still being debated, for digitial-media purposes interactivity can be defined as having three main elements (1) a dialog that occurs between a human and a computer program, (2) a dialog that occurs simultaneously or nearly so, and (3) the audience has some measure of control over what media content it sees and in what order.
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Duopoly
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A duopoly is a market that has only two suppliers, or a market that is dominated by two suppliers to the extent that they jointly control prices.
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Circulation
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The number of copies a newspaper that are sold or distributed
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Readership
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The number or percentage of people who read a newspaper, which may be larger than the actual number of copies sold because more than one person may read a single copy.
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Broadcasting
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The original usage was agricultural, referring to casting seeds widely in a field rather than depositing them one at a time. The notion was transferred to the fledging electronic medium radio and later television.
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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The first major regulatory overhaul of telecommunications since 1934, designed to open the industry to greater competition by deregulating many aspects of it.
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Mass Communication
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Communication to a large group or groups of people that remain largely unknown to the sender of the message
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Monopoly
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exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices.
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Surveillance
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Primarily the journalism function of mass communication, which provides information about the processes, issues, events, and other developments in society
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Cultural Transmission
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The transference of the dominant culture from one generation to the next or to immigrants, which helps people learn how to fit into society
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Media Grammar (print, radio, film)
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1. Print Media: sophisticated media grammar
-Magazines: usually use sophisticated graphic and design techniques, even more so than newspapers, and feature more long-form writing, often with just one or two articles per page 2. Radio & Recorded Music: Recorded music typically conforms to particular stylistic conventions 3. Film and Television: Developed a sophisticated |
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Oligopoly
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A marketplace in which media ownership and diversity are severely limited and the actions of any single media group substantially affect its competitors, including determining the content and rice of media products for both consumers and advertisers
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Citizen journalism
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Journalism done by amateurs or volunteers, either with citizen journalism websites, blogs, or as part of a mainstream news organizations websites
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Analog media
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Term originally used in audio recording for media analogous to the sound being recreated. It now refers to all nondigitalized media, such as print media, audio and video recordings, photography, and film.
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Camera obscura
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A dark box or room with a small hole in it that allowed an inverted image of an outside scene to be shown on the opposite inner wall.
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Automation
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Automation enables computers to draw 3-D objects, it makes compuer games engaging, and it is changing the way journalists and other media professionals do their work
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Ethereality
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light, airy, or tenuous
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Commercial and partisan press
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Partisan Press is a not for profit publisher. A commercial press is in it for profit.
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Payola
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Cash or gifts given to a radio disc jockey by record labels in exchange for greater airplay given to the record label’s artist’s most recent songs. This practice is now illegal after several scandals involving payola in the 1950s.
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Radio Act of 1927
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An act of congress that replaced the Act of 1912 and created the Federal Radio Commission, the precursor to the FCC, and that was intended to help establish some sort of regulation and order over the chaos of the largely unregulated airwaves. It helped establish the principle that the airwaves were a limited pubic good and that companies using those airwaves had a duty to act responsibly toward the public in terms of the type of material they broadcast.
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Vertical integration
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management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership, but also into one corporation
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Shannon and weaver mathematical theory
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It is known as a transmission model of communication and is closely related to communication theorist Harold Lasswell’s famous question about media effects, which he posed in 1948. Weaver’s mathematical theory of communication, as they described it, is based on a linear system of electronic communication. The original formulation of the model included give main elements (information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination). The communication flow in this model is decidedly one-directional, from the sender to the receiver. The communication process can be adversely be affected by noise, or interference, from the environment, possibly by way of competing or distracting, messages, or even electrical interference.
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Wilbur Schramm simplified communications model
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In the Schramm model, communication requires three main elements (1) a source, who encodes, (2) a message, or signal, which is transmitted to, and (3) a destination, where the receiver decodes it. In human communication, it is not a one way process.
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Critical theory
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(Critical theory) A theoretical approach broadly influenced from Marxist notions of the role of ideology, exploitation, capitalism, and the economy in understanding and eventually transforming society.
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Cultural studies
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(Cultural Studies) A framework in studying theories of culture and communication that shuns the positivist scientific approach used by scholars in the empirical school and that tries to examine the symbolic environment created by mass media
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Functions of the Mass Communication Process
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Surveillance, correlation, cultural transmission, and entertainment
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Functions of Print Media
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1. Transmission of Culture: Books, newspapers, and magazines teach what is considered right or wrong in a society, what is socially acceptable and what is unacceptable. Immigrants often learn about the rules and norms of a society from reading.
2. Diffusion of Ideas and Knowledge: Culture is especially transmitted through education. Books teach not only how to do things, but also how to explain what is known about the arts, literature, history, contemporary society, and social and natural sciences. Newspapers and magazines keep us informed of the latest news and events but also provide a form of entertainment and hobbies. 3. Entertainment: Reading can offer escape or diversion, and readers travel to exotic places or faraway planets, or experience fantastic creatures and memorable characters, all through the printed page. Comic books and picture books provide children some of their first experiences in reading. |
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History and Functions of the Recording Industry
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The recording industry functions mainly as entertainment and cultural transmission. The principal service to the audience is to provide musical entertainment. The recording industry has helped produce art as well. Music can be a powerful force in transmitting culture, especially in terms of new fashion. Song lyrics can be powerful influencers of people’s emotions, constructing minds on how to think about romantic love or relationships. The recording industry can also provide education. Children listen to recorded music learning vocabulary, musical rhythms, and the pleasure of dancing.
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Functions of Radio
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Radio is a medium of entertainment as well as of news and information, or surveillance, and marketing. Even in remote rural areas, radio is used to disseminate important news and information. Radio is also used as an emergency broadcast medium in all parts of the world (storms, natural disasters, military conflict, etc.). Talk radio provides information, debate, and even limited audience interaction by allowing those call in.
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The role of photography in visual culture
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Still images have performed two main functions, that of surveillance and cultural transmission. Photos and other images can provide verification of factual claims. Photographs transmit culture by what they show, how they show it, and what emotions can be stirred from them. Photos can engage, entertain, or elicit emotion in a way tat words alone might not.
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Film industry and the studio system
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The primary function of motion pictures is to entertain, with many millions of movie watchers enjoying the sweeping epics, slapstick comedies, romance, and action and adventure. Many fans and critics alike consider the cinema to be more htna simple entertainment and appraise its value and function as a serious visual art form comparable to painting, sculpture, or architecture, with a history of important social influence.
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Development of television from its origins to digital TV
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1873: Louis May discovered what some consider to be the basics of photoconductivity, a critical foundation for the electronic transmission of visual and audio formation
1881: Shelford Bidwell transmitted silhouettes using both selenium and a scanning system and called his device the “scanning phototelegraph” 1897: Karl Braun improved the cathode-ray tube, demonstrating how cathode rays could be controlled by a magnetic field. 1923: John Logie Baird created the first mechanically scanned television device. His thirty-line TV had better resolution than the first attempts at electronic televisions. 1923: Vladimir Zworykin invented a more advanced cathode-ray tube called the “iconoscope” which still serves as the basis of many modern television display tubes 1927: Philo Farnsworth created the first electronic wireless transmission of an image, the first step in the development of electronic television. 1981: NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) engineers demonstrated high definition television (HDTV) 1990: General Instrument Corporation (US) introduced digital television (DTV) and became the accepted global standard for the next generation TV. Digital TV enables the convergence of computing, television, and telecommunications and brings the possibility of interactivity. |
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Difference between terrestrial, cable, and satellite broadcasting and what they mean for viewers
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Terrestrial (Broadcast TV): is the traditional means of over-the-air distribution of television programming. This is the way the network-owned and affiliated stations and most other local stations broadcast their programming. Although in the early 1970s terrestrial TV dominated the viewing landscape, today that is far from the case. Today, just 15 percent of US households receive terrestrial signals on their primary TV set.
Cable (CATV): was developed in 1948 so communities in hilly or remote terrain could still access television broadcasts. By the end of the decade, 50 percent of US households were wired for cable TV, setting the stage for the decline of network television and over-the-air broadcasting, as well as spurring audience fragmentation. Satellite: Direct-broadcast-satellite (DBS) emerged in the US in the 1990s as a serious competitor to the traditional terrestrial broadcast and cable television. DirecTV and other 1990s DBS entrants introduced inexpensive, compact eighteen-inch dishes that could be installed without professional help and an annual subscription price that rivals cable alternatives. |
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Business models currently being tried with online media
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Advertising
CPM: Cost per thousand. The standard unit for measuring advertising rates for publications, based on circulations Banner Ad: An advertisement across the top or along the side of a website, and the original form of advertising on the Web Click-through rate (CTR): Rate in which people click on the ad Search engine marketing (SEM): Paying a search engine such as Google to have a listing appear prominently when searched Search engine optimization (SEO): A strategy that utilized website design, careful choice of keywords, links, and other techniques to show prominently in online searches Subscription Freemium: A subscription type in which subscribers can receive some content for free but if they want to take advantage of all the site has to offer they must pay a monthly subscription eCommerce Behavioral targeting: A technique used to increase the effectiveness of their campaigns by using information collected on an individual’s web-browsing behavior to select which advertisements to display to that individual |
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Implications of the convergence of telecommunications and content companies
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Subscription
Freemium: A subscription type in which subscribers can receive some content for free but if they want to take advantage of all the site has to offer they must pay a monthly subscription eCommerce Behavioral targeting: A technique used to increase the effectiveness of their campaigns by using information collected on an individual’s web-browsing behavior to select which advertisements to display to that individual |
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Three "Big Three"
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Sony
Universal Warner Bros |
