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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The _______ must encode a message before it can be sent and the _________ must decode the message being sent.
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Source, Receiver
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_________ feedback encourages the communication behavior in progress
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Positive
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________ noise occurs when a word or phrase means something different to the source than to the receiver.
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Semantic
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___________ noise is occurs when there is a problem with a machine that is being used to assist communication
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Mechanical
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_________ communication allows the source and receiver to be separated by time and space.
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Machine assisted interpersonal
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In both __________ communication, the source usually will not know a great deal about the receiver.
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Internet-based and traditional mass
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The word "media" is the plural form of the singular word "____________."
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Medium
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A ________ approach to mass communication centers on audiences' use of media.
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Functional
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A _________perspective toward the mass media centers on the functions media perform for an entire society.
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Macroanalytic
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A __________ perspective toward mass media centers on the functions media perform for the individual.
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Microanalytic
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______ refers to what we call news and information role of the media.
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Surveillance
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__________ occurs when the media informs us about threats from terrorism, natural disasters, changed economic conditions, and war.
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Beware surveillance
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_______ deals the transmission of info that is useful and helpful in everyday life like fashion ideas, stock market prices, upcoming films, and new products.
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Instrumental surveillance
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______ is the ability of the mass media to join different elements of society that are not directly connected by interpersonal channels. Ebay is a good example of this.
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Linkage
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Mass media can transmit values by enforcing ______ norms.
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Social
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One negative consequence of the media's _________ function is that much media content appeals to the lowest common denominator of taste.
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Entertainment
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Talking with a friend about an episode of the Oprah Winfrey show or about their latest music download is an example of _________.
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Conversational currency
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_________ studies is interested in the meaning of media content for audiences.
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Critical/cultural
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Critical/cultural studies are rooted in _________ philosophy.
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Marxist
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________ involves power relationships to extend dominance over marginalized or relatively powerless groups.
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Hegemony
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An oral culture, utilizing language and the spoken word, is dependent upon ______.
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Memory
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____ was responsible for the development of paper and block printing
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China
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The printing press facilitated the development of everyday language in ______
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Europe
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The _________ affected not only the conduct of commerce and war, but also newspapers’ ability to gather news.
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telegraph
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The development of ________ meant that during the Civil War many people got their first glimpse of the actual horrors and casualties of war.
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photography
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Advances in photography and printing allowed the creation of _______, which ultimately changed the concept of news itself.
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photojournalism
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___________ refers to those responses of the receiver that shape and alter the message of source. It answers the question, “How am I doing?”
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Feedback
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______ feedback encourages the commutation behavior in progress and _____ feedback attempts to change the commutation or even terminate it.
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Positive, negative
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____________ communication relies on technology and the source and receiver may be separated by time and space. The message may also be given permanence.
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Machine assisted interpersonal
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The ____ communication audience is large, geographically scattered, self-defined, heterogeneous, and anonymous to one another
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Mass
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A ______ is a single component of mass medium, such as a newspaper or TV network.
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Media vehicle
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Traditional ______________ organizations have multiple gatekeepers, are expensive to operate, exist to make a profit, and are very competitive.
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Mass communication
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A ____ decides whether or not a given message will be distributed by mass medium.
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Gatekeeper
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_______ convergence refers to companies that were content providers acquiring distribution channels such as cable TV. AOL's merger with Time Warner is an example of this.
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Corporate
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__________ convergence occurs when owners of several media properties in one market combine their separate operations into a single effort. For example, WFLA, the Tamp Bay Tribune, and TBO.com operate a converged news department.
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Operational
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______ convergence combines two or three devices into one mechanism. A cell phone with an camera and MP3 player is an example of this.
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Device
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Cell phones, iPods, laptop computers, and PDA’s all increased the _______ of the mass media.
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Mobility
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The _______ approach presumes that the best way to understand the media is to investigate how the media are used.
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Functional
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______ can occur at the micro and macroanalytic levels
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Media analyses
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“Trust in the media” is also considered _________
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Credibility
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Transmission of values is also referred to as the ________ function.
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Socialization
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At the individual level, the _______ approach is generally referred to as the uses-and gratifications model.
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Functional
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The cognition__________ function is the act of coming to know something. The statement "I want to know who is running for Senator" is a good example of this.
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Uses-and-gratifications
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The _____________ function can take many forms. For example, stimulation or seeking relief from boredom or the routine activities of everyday life, relaxation or escape from everyday problems and pressures, and emotional release of pent up emotions and energy.
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Diversion uses-and-gratifications
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After you have experienced _____ overload, the relaxation media function is the function a person might most likely to seek.
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Sensory
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Reading a newspaper so people will leave you alone is an example of using the media to perform the _________ function because it creates a barrier between themselves and others.
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Withdrawal
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The __________ studies perspective tends to be humanistic, qualitative, macroanalytic, and rooted in Marxism
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Critical/cultural
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The critical/cultural approach believes audience members are _______ meaning they can come up with various meanings based off of their own experience.
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Polysemic
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_____ is a specific set of beliefs, especially about social and political subjects.
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Ideology
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________ is exercised through the dominated group accepting that the status quo is in their best interest and the dominated group accepting their position as natural and normal
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Hegemony
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A society depending upon the spoken word is called an ______ culture
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Oral
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Increased societal division, the creation of vast empires, the development of enduring codes of law are social impacts of _______.
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Writing
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________ is credited with developing a printing system using moveable metal type
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Johann Gutenberg
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The development of vernacular languages, extensive religious changes, and the sharing of scientific advances are all effects of the __________ revolution.
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Gutenberg
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The ______ was the first medium to use digital communication.
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Telegraph
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The _______ affected how war was conducted, the standardization of prices in commodities markets, the style of news reporting, and newspapers' ability to gather news
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Telegraph
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To permanently store a photographic image, the image must be focused on a _______ and the surface must be permanently altered by the exposure of the image
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Surface
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________ media depend on wireless technology, allow people to access information from virtually anywhere, are interconnected, and blur the distinction between mass and interpersonal communication.
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Mobile
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The first tool for social media was the ________.
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Telephone
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______ media usually cause changes in the way old media are used.
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New
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The statement, "Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ..." comes from the _____ Amendment to the Constitution.
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First
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The ________ refers to the inexpensive and successful mass-appeal newspapers of the early 1830s.
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Penny press
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Though sensational, yellow journalism had several ______ features. They include: It featured aggressive reporting and investigative stories, it brought new enthusiasm and energy to journalism, it contained work by excellent contemporary authors, including Mark Twain, and it pioneered layout and designed elements still in use today.
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Positive
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_______ journalism appeared during the Roaring Twenties and was epitomized by New York papers using a tabloid format with numerous photographs.
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Jazz
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Advantages of _______ newspapers include interactivity and more features and content than the print versions.
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Online
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A daily newspaper has to appear ___ times per week in order to be considered daily.
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5
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_____ editions of magazines try to duplicate the reading experience of the paper version of the magazine.
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Replica
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Advertising on radio began when _____ in New York began selling time to anybody who wanted to broadcast a message.
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WEAF
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The Radio Act of 1927 set up the __________, which issued radio licenses and created policies to minimize interference.
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Federal Radio Commission
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A “hot clock” or _______ is a pie chart representing the content aired on a radio station.
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Format wheel
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Although some American recording artists were prominent during the 1960s, the music scene became dominated by the "________ Invasion."
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British
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The _________ was the first device that enabled consumers to easily take their recorded music with them
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Sony Walkman
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D. W. Griffith's film __________ depicted black men raping white women and sent an racist electrical charge in society.
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Birth of a Nation
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Although the film industry had previously refused to advertise on TV or allow films to be shown on TV, by the late ____ Hollywood began to cooperate with television.
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50s
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__________ are expensive, so most movie theaters have not installed them.
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Digital projectors
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The first magazines printed in America were designed as collections of varied ______ materials.
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Literary
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The movement to uncover wrongdoing and advocate reform of corrupt or harmful practices was called ______.
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Muckraking
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Between the two World Wars, three types of magazines evolved: the digest, the newsmagazine, and the _____ magazine.
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Pictorial
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_____ struggled because retailers are more selective about the number of magazines they will carry, sweepstakes competitions (such as Publishers Clearinghouse) have disappeared due to legal problems, the national do-not-call list makes telephone sales difficult, and a variety of cable channels (such as Food Network) offer advertisers an alternative way to reach targeted audiences.
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Magazines
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_______, the in-flight magazine of United Airlines, is an example of a controlled circulation magazine.
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Hemispheres
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A magazine's_______ department works to attract new readers while retaining current ones.
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Circulation
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In terms of magazine audiences, most adults read at least ____ magazine a month.
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1
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_________ built a wireless communication device that could send Morse code and started a wireless telegraphy company.
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Guglielmo Marconi
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____________ built the “audion tube,” which moved radio into the electronic age.
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Lee de Forest
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During World War I, the government gave all control of radio to the _____.
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Navy
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The development of radio_________, the beginning of radio networks, and the evolution of radio regulation were major developments that helped to shape modern radio.
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Advertising
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______ was actually two networks at first, one of which later was sold and became ABC.
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NBC
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The “Three C’s of Radio” Competition, Consolidation, and ________.
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Control
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The recent huge mergers creating massive radio groups/supergroups were made possible by Telecommunications Act of _____.
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1996
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You can identify your target audience by defining listeners by their _________ (i.e., age, gender, etc.) and their ____________ (i.e., attitudes, beliefs, etc.).
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Demographics, psychographics
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The three types of noncommercial radio stations are Community Stations, College Radio, and _____ Radio.
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Public
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Most radio stations generate most of their income from _____ advertising.
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Local
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________ refers to the mode of radio production whereby there is no live DJ in the booth; the station consists simply of a satellite dish & a control board.
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Turnkey Automation
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Forms of format evaluation include Tracking call-ins, Call out, Auditorium testing, and ______ groups.
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Focus
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National Public Radio serves __________ radio stations.
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Noncommercial
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The gramophone recorded onto a ______; its predecessor (the graphophone) recorded onto a ________.
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Disk, cylinder
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The Great Depression had a severe impact on the recording industry, but thanks to the ________, the industry again became profitable.
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Jukebox
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The ____ is notable because it created a whole new cottage industry (iPod accessories), allowed “podcasts”, introduced a new business model, gave birth to a new radio format.
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Ipod
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Being a cultural force, an international enterprise, the center of social controversy, its unique blend of business and talent are defining features of the ________ industry.
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Recording
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Direct retail, rack jobbers, one-stops, direct download are some main outlets for music _______.
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Distribution
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Mass merchandisers like Wal-Mart is increasingly important to the _________ industry.
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Recording
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A&R people are most closely associated with the ________ segment of the recording industry.
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Talent
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Recording different instruments and singers separately is possible due to _______ recording.
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Multitrack
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_______ magazine provides the key source of feedback to the music industry.
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Billboard
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Probably the first practical motion camera and viewer, the ___________ was developed in the Edison Labs.
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Kinetoscope
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One of the unintended results of MPPC actions is the ______ system.
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Star
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The arrival of sound in films could have happened nearly ___ years before it did.
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10
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During what is now called the _____ years, MGM, 20th Century Fox, RKO, Warner Brothers, Paramount, Universal, Columbia, and United Artists dominated the film industry.
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Studio
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1939-1941 was an important time during the early sound era, and color was used effectively in films such as ______.
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Gone with the Wind
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By the early 1950s, the film industry thought technical innovations (such as 3D) would help recapture some of its audience from _______.
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TV
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The two newest MPAA categories are ___ and ____.
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Pg 13, Nc 17
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Adding music and effects occurs during the _______ phase of filmmaking.
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Post production
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A “____________” is a financial arrangement between a film's distributor and exhibitor.
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Sliding Scale
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Until about the 12th century, most books in Europe were produced by ______.
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Monks
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The most significant book of the early to mid-1800s was probably __________. It sold a huge number of copies and caused many people to oppose slavery.
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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During the Civil War, soldiers needed something to occupy themselves with during idle time; this demand led to the publication of vast quantities of ___________.
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Paperback books.
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In the early Twentieth Century, the book industry, became increasingly ___________, saw many publishers expanding into the mass market, adopting modern promotion and distribution techniques, depended more on banks for money, and published popular books featuring a wide variety of content
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Commercialized
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With ________, books don’t have to be printed on paper to be distributed.
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Ebooks
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Wiki novels are an example of ______________ content.
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User-generated
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Defining feature of books include: they are the ____ "mass" of the mass media, they are the oldest of the mass media, they are the most enduring of the mass media, and their cultural impact can far outweigh their audience size.
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Least
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The book industry can be divided into three segments: publishers, distributors, and ______.
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Retailers
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The editorial department of a publishing company is responsible for determining which ________ to publish.
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Manuscripts
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The ability for broadcasters to send several different programs over a single digital channel, high definition images and sound are possible, and the ability to make a more rectangular format possible are advantage of _______ television.
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Digital
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If Channel 4 describes itself as part of the XYZ broadcasting network, the station is most likely an _______.
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Affiliate
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When TV programs are ____________, a local station purchases exclusive rights to show the program in its market.
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Syndicated
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Public television is funded by the __________ (through the CPB), viewer contributions, auctions, and corporate contributions.
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Government
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To measure ____________ TV viewing, Nielsen uses a combination of diary and electronic meter techniques.
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Local Market
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_________ can be defined as an estimate of audience size for programs/ stations based on information about a sample of a larger population.
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Ratings
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If the number of households watching a program is 100, the number of total TV households is 1000, and the number of households using TV is 500, the program's _______ is calculated based on 100 divided by 1000.
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Rating
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The theory driving television network programming that refers to the fact that people do not necessarily watch the best thing on TV, but the program that will offend the fewest viewers watching together is called least ___________ programming.
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Objectionable
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Cable and satellite systems carry many very _________ channels.
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Specialized
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___________ in satellite TV has been consolidating, and only two companies dominate the U.S. satellite TV market.
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Ownership
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The first satellite launched expressly for communication applications was _________.
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Telstar I
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MSO stands for ___________.
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Multiple System Operators
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The following are part of the “big four” in cable services: HD Programming, On-Demand, VOIP, __________.
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High speed internet
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HBO and Showtime are examples of ______ services.
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Pay
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Special niche music, news, and sports stations are considered to be _________ networks.
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Special cable
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In the cable subscriber pyramid, the most desirable cable household to system operators is the _______ household.
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Multi pay
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Satellite TV systems require ________ satellites.
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Geosynchronous
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Using the Internet to send a message to just a few people is called ___________.
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Microcasting
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Cable/satellite networks have a younger audience, have a more affluent audience reach, and a more narrowly-defined audience than traditional ____________ networks.
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Broadcast
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________ are an influential force in online news reporting and have not specific format.
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Blogs
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Print and TV journalism should strive to uphold ______ and journalistic principles.
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Basic values
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Organizations tend to deal with more than one public, so public relations professionals usually consider various "_________."
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Publics
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Universities, US government, and corporate businesses all utilized ____ techniques.
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PR
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Public relations for any given organization can be done by either internal PR departments or ______ resources, although many large companies use both.
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External
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Tactical PR plans are usually more _______ than strategic PR plans.
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Specific
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Advertising is ___________ promotion of items, and is paid for by an identified sponsor.
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Nonpersonal
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Advertisements for restaurant supplies are _____________ ads, while ads for household cleaners are __________ ads.
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Business to business, consumer
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Tropicana orange juice is an example of a __________ advertiser.
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National
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Radio ads maximize reach, frequency and selectivity, and minimize _______.
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Cost
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Two pivotal court cases attacking ________ are the Near Case and the Pentagon Papers Case.
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Prior restraint
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________ laws uphold reporters' rights to protect their sources.
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Shield
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In general, _________ taking written form is libel, while spoken defamation is slander.
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Defamation
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One difference between public figures and private citizens in defamation cases is that public figures must prove __________, while private citizens do not.
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Actual malice
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Although the __________ was repealed more than a decade ago, several attempts have been made to revive it.
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Fairness doctrine
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The ____________ Act of 1996 introduced sweeping changes affecting cable companies and phone companies, and broadcasters.
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Telecommunications
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The Supreme Court uses a four-part test when determining whether an ___________ is protected under the First Amendment.
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Advertisement
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__________ conceals roles and social differentiations to protect the most vulnerable members of society.
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Veil of Ignorance
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There are seven canons of journalism and they include responsibility, freedom of the press, independence, accuracy, impartiality, fair play, and _______.
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Decency
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Although many local stations have an official "policy book" to guide them, most print media have two such statements: "___________ policies" and "__________ policies."
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Operating, editorial
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A newspaper’s _______ is responsible for investigating reader complaints, and otherwise generally criticizing the paper's performance.
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Ombudsperson
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A TV news story about a plane crash in India emphasizing the number of Americans aboard is reflecting the _____ news value.
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Proximity
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______ affected journalism by allowing reporters to explain why they covered a story as they did, they have an agenda setting effect, they represent an alternative source of news, and they provide a check on the traditional media.
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Blogs
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Hard news, which is the dominant type of news covered, usually reflects all of the traditional news values except ________.
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Human interest
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Print media typically report hard news in an ______ form.
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Inverted pyramid
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At a TV station, the _________ decides which stories to cover, the length of each story and the order in which the stories will appear.
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Producer
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AP and UPI are _____ services that provide national and international news to local media.
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Wire
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Public relations is best considered a _______ function.
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Management
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Modern public relations can be traced back to the early ____ (Ivy Lee).
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1900s
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Corporate Web sites are being used by PR practitioners to communicate with consumers, shareholders and _________.
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Reporters
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A wider variety of services, greater ability to come up with fresh ideas, prestige that can come from being associated with respected PR firm, and greater objectivity of perspective are advantages of using an _____ rather than an _____ PR provider.
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External, internal
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The biggest PR goal in non-profit organizations is probably ________.
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Fundraising
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The most challenging form of PR is probably __________.
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Crisis management
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Consulting organizational records, reference books, and personal contacts are most closely associated with the ___________ phase of a PR campaign.
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Information gathering
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An advertisement encouraging families to "take the kids bowling more often" (without saying exactly where to go bowling) is an example of ___________ advertising.
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Primary demand
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A coupon placed under the windshield wiper of your car offering “25% off a large pizza this week at Joe's Pizza Shop” is an example of _____ advertising.
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Direct
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_____ advertising occurs when companies create messages that are so intriguing that consumers share them with others.
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Viral
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An organization which specializes in the creation of ads is a ____________.
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Creative boutique
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When the ad industry evaluates media, a medium's ability to actually reach potential customers is its ___________.
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Selectivity
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Identifying the target audience is one goal of ________ research in advertising.
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Formative
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____________ studies in advertising are designed to see how many people recall certain ads.
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Tracking
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Trade, industrial, professional, and agriculture are the main categories of __________ ads.
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Business to business
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When compared to consumer advertising, business-to-business advertising generally relies on ________ more than emotional appeals, presents much more technical information, and has a narrower, less diverse target audience
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Rationality
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In prior restraint cases, the courts tend to support the rights of the ________.
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Press
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Judges can issue ________ to restrict media coverage of courtroom events.
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Gag rules
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As of 2009, cameras remained banned in all _______ courts.
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Federal district
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_________ Act gives citizens the right to learn more about the activities of the Federal government.
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Freedom of Information
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The ________ act allows public (and reporter) access to many regular governmental meetings.
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Sunshine
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No critic would be found guilty of defamation for writing something like "Gigli is the worst film ever made" because fair comment and criticism provides a _______.
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Defense
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If the media reveal that someone has AIDS (and it's true), that person can sue for _______________.
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Unauthorized release of private information
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The work of authors and others producing creative works after January 1, 1978 is protected by copyright laws, for the life of the author plus ____ years.
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70
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When the courts investigate whether a use is “______” they typically consider the purpose of use, the proportion of the work used, and the nature of the copyrighted work.
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Fair use
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The Telecommunications Act of 1996 allowed telephone companies to enter the cable TV business, deregulated rates of many cable systems, removed limits on the number of radio stations that can be owned by one person or group, and mandated that all new TV sets include a _____.
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V chip
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Moderation is the key to moral virtue, according to the Principle of the _______ Mean
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Golden
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___________ guides reporters who decide not to use a hidden camera –even though the story is of vital importance to national security – because using hidden cameras is deceitful.
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Categorical imperative
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The advice “do not treat people as a means to an end” best reflects the Principle of ___________.
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Self determination
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Acting independently, being accountable, seeking and reporting the truth, and minimizing harm are all main principles of the Society of Professional ___________ code.
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Journalists
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Action for __________ Television was probably the most influential of all pressure groups targeting broadcasting.
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Children's
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TV networks utilize ___________ and practices departments
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Standards
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