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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False: the ability to perform photosynthesis defines plants
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False
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when did the first plant like organisms develop in the oceans?
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3 billion yrs ago
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when did vascular plants evolve? flowering plants?
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430 Mil yrs ago; 145 Mil yrs ago
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do marine plants resemble ocean plants?
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no; most marine plants don't have stems, leaves, or roots;
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the free floating algae are known as...
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phytoplankton
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how are algae distinguished from other marine plants?
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by reproductive processes
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give examples of algae that are stuck fast to rocks in the ocean and can grow meters in length
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brown seaweeds, Bladderwracks, tangleweeds, and oarweeds
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what is phycology?
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the study of algae; it's also called algology
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how do scientists classify algae?
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some place them in the plant kingdom; another system puts algae in protist kingdom; others place them in multiple kingdoms
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How large can kelp be?
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30 m in length
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this type of algae have incomplete cell division when going thru the reproductive process, producing pit connections between each cell
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Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
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Kelp are what type of algae?
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Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
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how is alginate, a polysaccharide used for emulsifying, gelling, stabilizing, obtained?
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from Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
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what do red and brown algae have in common?
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they lack chlorophyll-b that most other algae have
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what characterizes dinoflagellates?
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a long flagella that allow them to move up and down; often have a multi-layered covering of cell material
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Do diatoms have flagella?
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no
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what are cyanobacteria?
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photosynthetic, microscopic organisms that are classified as bacteria, not as algae
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how do cyanobacteria reproduce?
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binary fission
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what role to cyanobacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?
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they take inert atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into an organic form such as nitrate or ammonia
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are all cyanobacteria blue-green?
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no...they can range from blue-green to purple
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why were cyanobacteria important to the evolution of life on earth?
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sometime around the early Cambrian, cyanobacteria began to live w/in certian eukaryote cells, making food for their host in return for a place to call home. AKA, endosymbiosis, this was the origin of mitochondrial structures
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how are cyanobacteria related to chloroplasts?
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chloroplasts are acutally cyanobacteria living within plants' cells
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what are stromatolites?
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ancient blue-green cyanobacteria; probably one of the earliest life forms in the oceans
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why are stromatolites important?
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they played an important role in the buildup of O2 in the earth's early atmosphere
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what are the most common types of algae found along the ocean shore?
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green, blue-green, brown, and red algae
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what is seaweed?
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a larger form of algae
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is seaweed really edible?
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yes, especially in Japan... good 4 health
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what is sargassum?
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a seaweed that, unlike other algae, thrives in the open ocean, especially in the Sargasso sea
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how does sargassum reproduce?
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through a form of asexual reproudction by breaking off pieces of the plants
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about how much seaweed lives in the sargasso sea?
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7 million tons
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where are the largest kelp found?
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the western coast of N America, beyond where waves break
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what have scientists discovered by studying the Point Lomo kelp forest off San Diego, one of the world's largest kelp forests?
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global climate changes such as El/La Nino/a affect kelp, while localized smaller climate shifts do not
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what are plankton?
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tiny animal and plant organisms that float or weakly swim in ocean's surface currents
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which plankton exhibit characterisitcs of both animals and plants?
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the euglenoid: it can photosynthesize and hunt for food, depending on environmental conditions
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how small are ultraplankton?
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less than 5 microns
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how small are nanoplankton?
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5-50 microns
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which marine animals eat plankton/
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jellyfish, comb jellies, shrimp, herrings, anchovies, whales
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why are plankton important to ocean life?
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plankton are the foundation of the ocean food chain
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who was Victor Hensen?
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A GErman scientist who was the head of the Plankton Expedition of 1889. The goal was to systematically categoraize all the organisms in the sea. Hensen named the smallest organisms found by the expedition- the plankton
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what percentage of marine plants are phytoplankton?
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90%
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what organisms are associated with red tides caused by bioluminescence?
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dinoflagellates
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what are fossilized diatoms called?
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diatomaceous earth
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what are the most abundant zooplankton in the ocean surface waters?
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Copepods... they're also the most numerous crustaceans in the world
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how long are copepods
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just over 1 mm
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what are some plant eating zooplankton?
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copepods and krill
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what is one of the largest zooplankton?
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krill, of genus Euphausia
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why are copepod plankton so important to ocean life?
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they are important links in marine food chains
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give an example of a carnivorous zooplankton
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the arrow worm (or chaetognath)- it feeds on animals, attacking and devouring prey as large or larger than itself
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what is the connection between plankton and global climate change?
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plankton remove atmospheric CO2, which can cause global climate change... that whole greenhouse thing
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how does the ozone hole affect plankton?
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when ozone levels are low in the Antarctic circle, scientists have noted a plankton loss of between 6 and 12% in the Antarctic ocean
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why does solar radiation from the sun reduce the # of plankton?
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the reproductive cells of planktonic algae are several times as sensitive to the sun's UV radiation as the organisms' mature cells
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what is the fastest marine animal?
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the sailfish, <i> Istiophorus platypterus <i>
it has been clocked at speeds of 109 km/hr (69 mph) |
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the rate of species extinction is estimated to be....
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one per day
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what are some marine mammals that are on the endangered list?
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southern sea otters, manatees, monk seals; blue, fin, sei, right, and bowhead whales
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what is most likely to go extinct: an endangered species or a threatened species?
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an endangered species
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what are the marine protozoa?
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some of the smallest animals in the ocean. they're single celled and obtain food, breate, and eliminate waste just like multicellular organisms
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what are 3 types of marine protozoa?
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sarcodinians (jelly like bodies), ciliates, and flagellates
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what do most food chains depend on?
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sunlight
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are there any food chains that do no depend on sunlight and photosynthesis?
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yes; the hydroghtermal vents found in the ocean floor in volcanically active areas have organisms at the base of their food chains that depend on the warm, mineral rich waters around the vents to make their own food
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what element is though to limit phytoplankton and microbe growth in surface waters?
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iron
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what characteristics do marine mammals share with terrestrial mammals?
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four chamberd heart, biconcave red blood cells, diaphragm breathing muscle, they bear live young and feed them milk from mammary glands
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what are the fastest marine MAMMALS?
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sei whale, Balenoptera borealis. speeds of 35 km/hr over short distances.
the orca (so called "killer whale") may reach speeds up to 42 km/hr |
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what is the largest marine animal and mammal - and coincidentally the largest animal known to have lived on earth? how many of this animal are left today?
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blue whale- lenghts of 100 ft (30 m). about 6000-10000 left
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