Marine Bio 16 17 18 19 20

Front 1

Where are kelp forests found?

Back 1

Coldwater

Front 2

How many oceans are there?

Back 2

4

Front 3

What are the name of the four oceans?

Back 3

Indian, Pacific (biggest) , Atlantic, Arctic (smallest)

Front 4

Know

Back 4

Parts of continental shelf

Front 5

Hard bottoms....

Back 5

Kelp forest, coral reefs

Front 6

Soft bottoms....

Back 6

Unvegetated seagrass beds

Front 7

What drives the currents?

Back 7

Winds

Front 8

what drives the winds?

Back 8

Heat from the Sun

Front 9

What are the three major categories of winds?

Back 9

tradewinds, westerlies, polar easterlies

Front 10

Where do the horse latitudes occur?

Back 10

30 degrees north and 30 degrees south

Front 11

Where are the three major categories of winds located on a globe in what directions do they blow?

Back 11

Know

Front 12

In the Coriolis effect everything in the northern hemisphere shifts...

Back 12

Right

Front 13

In the Coriolis effect everything in the southern hemisphere shifts...

Back 13

Left

Front 14

What is this?

Back 14

Ekman transport

Front 15

In Ekman transport the Northern Hemisphere wind direction causes water to shift_______ to the _______ of the wind.

Back 15

90 degrees, right

Front 16

In Ekman transport the Southern Hemisphere wind direction causes water to shift_______ to the _______ of the wind.

Back 16

90 degrees, left

Front 17

Because of ekman transport, the direction of the winds, and the Coriolis effect, Gyres in the Northern Hemisphere move.....

Back 17

Clockwise

Front 18

Because of ekman transport, the direction of the winds, and the Coriolis effect, Gyres in the Southern Hemisphere move.....

Back 18

Counter clockwise

Front 19

Where is the California Current? What is its movement Direction? What is the temperature of the water?

Back 19

Movement direction: down

Temp of water: cold

Front 20

Where is the Gulf Stream? What is its movement Direction? What is the temperature of the water?

Back 20

Movement direction: up east coast

Temp of water: warm

Front 21

What types of kelps are found in kelp forests?

Back 21

(Brown algae looks like forest)

Front 22

What organisms resource partition the holdfast in the kelp forest?

Back 22

Polychaetes, crustaceans, brittle stars,

Front 23

What organisms resource partition the blade in the kelp forest?

Back 23

Bryozoans, tunicates

Front 24

What organisms resource partition the surroundings in the kelp forest?

Back 24

Filter feeders: sponges, hydriods, barnacles

Grazers: SEA URCHINS, chitons, limpets

Carnivores: sea stars, fishes, lobsters, sea otters

Front 25

What eats California's sea urchins?

Back 25

California sheephead

Front 26

Sea otters are........

Back 26

Keystone predators

Front 27

Back 27

Know what's going on

Front 28

What types of substrates are found in unvegetated soft bottom communities?

Back 28

Mud, sand, gravel

Front 29

What determines if a species is found in an area?

Back 29

Sediment type, currents, temperature, depth, salinity, other organisms, light

Front 30

In unvegetated soft bottom communities the suspension feeders are...

Back 30

Brittle star, sea pen, pollychaetes, amphipods

Front 31

In unvegetated soft bottom communities the deposit feeders are...

Back 31

Polychaetes, heart urchins, sand dollars

Front 32

In unvegetated soft bottom communities the predators/scavengers are...

Back 32

Crabs/lobster, fish, sea star, whelks, moon snail

Front 33

In unvegetated soft bottom communities the animals and organisms eat..

Back 33

Detritus

Front 34

Know

Back 34

Why certain types of animals are found in certain substrates

Front 35

What two types of organisms are important in unvegetated soft bottom communities?

Back 35

Bioturbators and tube builders

Front 36

Bioturbators are.....

Back 36

organisms that mix-up and oxygenate the sediment

Front 37

Tube-builders....

Back 37

Stabilize the sediment

Front 38

what plants dominate seagrass beds?

Back 38

Seagrass

Front 39

Where do seagrass beds tend to grow?

Back 39

Mostly tropical or subtropical areas in shallow waters with sandy/muddy substrates

Front 40

What is limiting in seagrass beds?

Back 40

Light penetration (need sunlight)

Front 41

What herbivores are found in seagrass beds?

Back 41

Sea urchins, sea turtles, fish, Manatee, dugong

Front 42

What deposit feeders are found in seagrass beds?

Back 42

Sea cucumbers, polychaetes

Front 43

What filter feeders are found in seagrass beds?

Back 43

Clams

Front 44

What predators are found in seagrass beds?

Back 44

Sea stars, fish, sea birds

Front 45

What is Pangaea?

Back 45

All the continents together

Front 46

When was Pangea in existence?

Back 46

190 million years ago

Front 47

What is the process that broke Pangea up?

Back 47

Continental drift and plate tectonics

Front 48

What are two forms of plate tectonics?

Back 48

Mid-ocean ridge and seafloor spreading, subduction zones

Front 49

What is mid-ocean ridge and seafloor spreading? Give an example.

Back 49

A continuous chain of Submarine volcanic mountains that encircle the globe like seams on a baseball, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Front 50

What is subduction zones? Give an example.

Back 50

Areas where two tectonic plates come together. If one is oceanic (therefore denser) then it will be pulled under the lighter plate, Aleutian Islands

Front 51

Two ways volcanic islands are formed.....

Back 51

Through subduction and hot spots

Front 52

What play are we on?

Back 52

Pacific Plate

Front 53

How did the Pacific Rim / Ring of Fire get its name?

Back 53

Because they are volcanoes and earthquakes surrounding it

Front 54

What is this? Know.

Back 54

Pacific Rim/Ring of fire

Front 55

Describe what a hot spot is and give an example of a hot spot.

Back 55

Hotspot stays in the same place there is a plate that moves over it creating volcanic islands. Example Hawaii

Front 56

What are the two types of corals?

Back 56

Hermatypic Corals and Ahermatypic Corals

Front 57

What are hermatypic corals?

Back 57

Hard corals, Limestone skeleton, build reefs

Front 58

What are Ahermatypic Corals?

Back 58

Soft corals, no skeleton, don't help build coral reefs

Front 59

How do corals feed?

Back 59

Through Polyp nutrition and Zooxanthellae

Front 60

How do Zooxanthellae help coral?

Back 60

Dinoflagellates that live in coral are Symbionts that give coral most of nutrients. Active during day.

Front 61

How does polyp nutrition help coral?

Back 61

Filter feed or mucus feed, absorb DOM. Active at night.

Front 62

Two important players in coral reefs...

Back 62

Coralline algae and Calcareous green algae

Front 63

Coralline algae...

Back 63

Red algae, grows in hard mats, help cement Coral to itself

Front 64

Calcareous Green Algae.....

Back 64

CaCO3 in tissues, makes up a lot of the coral rubble sediment. Example: Halimeda

Front 65

What do coral reefs need to grow?

Back 65

A lot of light, warm water, salty water, clear water (not a lot of sediments in water). Sometimes use Eutrophication.

Front 66

Where do coral reefs grow?

Back 66

Front 67

What are three types of reefs?

Back 67

Fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll

Front 68

What is a fringing reef?

Back 68

Reefs very close to shore, grow in narrow bands or fringes along shore. Most common and simplest.

Front 69

What is a barrier reef?

Back 69

Similar to fringing but further away. Lagoons may have batch reefs or coral pinnacles.

Front 70

What is it atoll? How are atolls formed? Where is it found?

Back 70

Circular rings around sunken volcano Island. Mostly found in Indo West Pacific.

Front 71

What do corals compete for?

Back 71

Light and space

Front 72

How do hermatypic corals compete with other hermatypic corals?

Back 72

Grow fast up, branch out. Eat away other corals. Sweeper tentacles.

Front 73

How do corals compete with algae? (Algae grow over coral and block light)

Back 73

Seaweeds don't grow well where corals are. Algae on coral reefs are nutrient Limited. Herbivores that eat algae helps Coral.

Front 74

How do hermatypic Coral compete with ahermatypic Coral?

Back 74

Ahermatypic Corals grow fast and have lots of predator resistance. Hermatypic corals grow slower and are more resistant to wave turbulence. Waves help reduce ahermatypic corals.

Front 75

What is happening in this diagram? What does this mean about the nutrients in the water?

Back 75

Nutrient recycling. Most nutrients in ecosystem remain in Coral.

Front 76

What two zones compromise the epipelagic Zone?

Back 76

Oceanic, neritic

Front 77

What are Picoplankton?

Back 77

Bacteria and archae

Front 78

What is Femtoplankton?

Back 78

Viruses

Front 79

Holoplankton-

Back 79

Spend entire life as plankton

Front 80

Meroplankton-

Back 80

Spend part of life as plankton

Front 81

What plankton is too small to capture in an net?

Back 81

Femtoplankton, Picoplankton, and Hanoplankton

Front 82

Which plankton is too large to capture in a net?

Back 82

Megaplankton

Front 83

What plankton is considered net plankton?(can be caught in net)

Back 83

Microplankton, mesoplankton, macroplankton

Front 84

Know

Back 84

Sizes of plankton

Front 85

What types of phytoplankton are found in epipelagic Zone?

Back 85

Diatoms (coldwater), dinoflagellates (warm water)

Front 86

What types of zooplankton are found in the epipelagic Zone?

Back 86

Protozoans (foraminiferans, radiolarians, ciliates). Animals (copepods, jellyfish, krill, salps, siphonophores, Arrow worms)

Front 87

What is ENSO?

Back 87

Happens when abnormally low pressure occurs in southeast Pacific and high pressure in Indian Pacific. Weakens Trade Winds and decreases up swelling off Coasts.

Front 88

What are two issues in the epipelagic zone?

Back 88

Staying afloat and predation

Front 89

How do organisms cope with staying afloat in the epipelagic Zone?

Back 89

-Increased resistance / drag (be flat or have a lot of projections)

-Increase buoyancy (swim bladder or store lipids)

-Floaters / gas-filled sacks (pleuston vs neuston)

Front 90

How do organisms cope with predation in the epipelagic Zone?

Back 90

Sense organs, coloration and camouflage (transparency, countershaded, silversides), swimming, vertical migrations

Front 91

What is the most common vertebrate in the world?

Back 91

Bristlemouths

Front 92

How much of the world is deep ocean?

Back 92

53 - 54%

Front 93

Know the levels of the pelagic ocean

Back 93

Epipealigic (0-200m), Mesopelagic (200-1,000m), Bathypelagic (1,000-4,000m) Abyssalpelagic (4,000-6,000m), Hadalpelagic (6,000m and below)

Front 94

What are the challenges of living in the deep ocean?

Back 94

No Light, No food, nowhere to hide, hard to find a mate

Front 95

What is whale fall? Why are they important in the deep ocean?

Back 95

When animals die (whales and sharks ect) they sink to the bottom which gives off food and creates habitats for the deep ocean

Front 96

What is deep sea gigantism?

Back 96

Organisms have a large body size (the bigger you are the longer you can go in between meals)

Front 97

What food adaptations do organisms have to live in the deep ocean?

Back 97

Large teeth, distended Jaws, relatively slower metabolisms, distended stomachs

Front 98

What hiding / light adaptations do organisms have to live in the deep ocean?

Back 98

Enlarged and specialized eyes, highly developed lateral line or antenna that detects water movement, find food or mates by smell. Can be transparent, reflective, red in pigment, bioluminescence, photophores.

Front 99

Sex in the deep ocean.....

Back 99

Hermaphroditism-both male and female (easier to find mate) or angler fish solution/parasitic males- males bite and permanently fuse to females body

Front 100

How do scientists study the deep ocean?

Back 100

Manned submersibles, ROVs autonomous cameras, trawls (net dragged bottom of boat), bottom long lines