Ap Biology Chapter 16, 17, 18, 19, And 20 Test

Front 1

transcription

Back 1

making mRNA from DNA

Front 2

Translation

Back 2

making a protein from mRNA

Front 3

RNA polymerase

Back 3

the enzyme used to make RNA from DNA once the DNA unwinds.

Front 4

transcribed DNA strand

Back 4

protein making side

Front 5

untranscribed DNA strand

Back 5

the quiet side of the DNA. its not being transcribed at the moment.

Front 6

RNA ploymerase 1

Back 6

only transcribes rRNA genes - makes ribosomes

Front 7

RNA polymerase 2

Back 7

transcribes genes into mRNA

Front 8

RNA polymerase 3

Back 8

transcribes tRNA genes

Front 9

Promoter

Back 9

the binding site before the begining of a gene. its the binding site for RNA polymerase and transcription factors

Front 10

Tata box

Back 10

the starting point of the promoter

Front 11

enhancer region

Back 11

the binding site thats far upstream of the gene, it quickens the transcription process.

Front 12

exons

Back 12

the genes that are expressed

Front 13

introns

Back 13

the junk in between the real dna

Front 14

mRNA splicing

Back 14

when the introns are removed from the mRNA and just the exons are left

Front 15

snRNP

Back 15

small nuclear RNA

Front 16

spliceosome

Back 16

several snRNPs. it gets rid of the intron.

Front 17

alternative splicing

Back 17

while trying to make two different proteins, some genes are considered introns for one, and they are considered exons for another.

Front 18

codon

Back 18

the 3 letters that are paired on the mRNA (ex AUG, CGU, etc)

Front 19

anticodon

Back 19

the 3 letters that are on the tRNA that code for an amino acid

Front 20

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

Back 20

the enzyme that bonds the amino acid to the tRNA

Front 21

ribosome A site

Back 21

holds the tRNA that is carrying the next amino actid to be added to the chain

Front 22

ribosome P site

Back 22

holds the tRNA that is carrying the growing polypeptide chain

Front 23

ribosome E site

Back 23

the empty tRNA leaves the ribosome from this exit site

Front 24

helicase

Back 24

the enzyme that unwinds part of the DNA helix

Front 25

single-stranded binding proteins

Back 25

keeps the DNA open as it unzips

Front 26

RNA primer

Back 26

in order to make new DNA strand, there must be something to start it with, so RNA primer brings in a little piece of RNA to get started.

Front 27

DNA polymerase 1

Back 27

gets rid of tiny bit of RNA and replaces it with DNA nucleotides

Front 28

DNA polymerase 2

Back 28

starts at the small piece of RNA and adds DNA nucleotides to make new strand.

Front 29

okazaki fragments

Back 29

the small pieces of DNA that have to skip. this is because it can only go from 5' to 3'. so if it is opposite, it must skip.

Front 30

leading strand

Back 30

can smoothly go from 5' to 3' cuz it can keep attatching to the 3 carbon

Front 31

lagging strand

Back 31

the strand that goes from 3' to 5' so it must skip

Front 32

bacteriophage

Back 32

a virus that infects bacteria

Front 33

restriction enzymes

Back 33

enzymes that "cut" the DNA when they find an order of nucleotides

Front 34

ligase

Back 34

an enzyme that "seals" strands of DNA together

Front 35

plasmids

Back 35

small, self replicating circular DNA molecules

Front 36

polymerase chain reaction

Back 36

a method for making many copies of a specifig segment of DNA. (with only using one cell, someone can make tons of DNA to do tests on)

Front 37

reproductive cloning

Back 37

when you take the nucleus out of a somatic cell and put it into an enucleated egg cell. (dolly the sheep)

Front 38

therapeutic cloning

Back 38

dna into stem cells in order to grow something someone needs (ex: new kidney)

Front 39

alosteric inhibitor

Back 39

a product goes in an binds to the alosteric site of an enzyme to stop production of said product.

Front 40

operon

Back 40

a group of genes taht have related functions.

Front 41

operator

Back 41

DNA binding site of a repressor protein

Front 42

repressor protein

Back 42

binds to the DNA at the operator site. it blocks RNA polymerase and it blocks transcription

Front 43

repressible operon : tryptophan

Back 43

when trp is present in excess amounts, it binds tot he repressor protein and it triggers the repressor to bind to the DNA, causing the RNA polymerase to not be able to bind and it wont make anymore trp.

Front 44

inducible operon : lactose

Back 44

when lac is present, it binds the lac repressor protein and it makes it release from the DNA, making the RNA polymerase to bind and create enzymes to digest lac.

Front 45

epigenetics

Back 45

an external molecule that can control DNA

Front 46

siRNA

Back 46

small interfereing RNA - short segments of RNA that code for a "death" tag for mRNA. it turns off the gene so that there is no protein produced.

Front 47

ubiquitin

Back 47

a death tag label for unwanted proteins

Front 48

blastocyst

Back 48

a 5 to 6 day fertilized egg - used for stem cells

Front 49

point mutations

Back 49

a single base change in the DNA

Front 50

silent mutation

Back 50

a mutation that does not change the amino acid produced

Front 51

missense

Back 51

a change in an amino acid due to a point mutation

Front 52

nonsense

Back 52

a change in the stop codon due to point mutations

Front 53

frameshift

Back 53

a mutation that shifts everything downstream of the DNA

Front 54

insertions

Back 54

adding a base

Front 55

deletions

Back 55

losing bases