Marine Bio 1

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Marine Biology

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The scientific study of life in the sea

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Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS)

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Device mounted on satellite to collect data on algae (and pollution)

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Pacific Ocean

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Largest volume and deepest ocean

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Arctic Ocean

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Smallest and shallowest ocean

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Mauriana Trench

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Deepest ocean trench in the pacific ocean (6.8 miles)

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Induction

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Using observations to arrive at general principles that are generated through a general idea about your observations

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Deduction

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Using general principles to arrive at specific conclusions based on the original idea

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Aristotle

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Considered by some to be the first marine Biologist

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Leif Eriksson

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A viking explorer credited as the first European to set foot on North America which he called Vinland

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James Cook

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An English sea captain that advanced marine science

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The Challenger Expedition

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The first global marine research expedition.

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Stazione Zoologica

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The first marine laboratory was found in Naples, Italy.

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Woods Hole Oceanographic

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The first marine laboratory in North America

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SONAR

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Developed as response to sub warfare based of echoes

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Buoys

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Anchored floats that can be equipped with various types of instrumentation to monitor water conditions

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ROV

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Remotely operated vehicles that are operated by a crew linked via cable to vessel

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AUV

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Autonomous underwater vehicle that does not rely on an operator used for mapping the ocean

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Autonomous Underwater Samplers

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Animals fitted with a transmitter and other sensors

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Environment

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The biotic (living) and Abiotic (non-living) components that affect and organism

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Ecology

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The study of organisms and their interactions with their environment

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Adaption

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A trait or set of traits that gives an organism an advantage from its environment (genes)

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Prokaryotic

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Organisms that possess a single set of genes

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Eukaryotic

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Organisms that are more "advanced" that possess multiple copies of each gene (chromosome)

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Alleles

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Different versions of the same gene (ex. flower color)

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Evolution

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The change in the frequencies of alleles in a population of organisms

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Natural Selection

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Affects individuals in a population and is the mechanism by which evolution works

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Stabilizing selection

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Selection where extreme variants are selected against

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Directional selection

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Selection where an extreme variant is selected for (old variant dies out and the extreme takes over)

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Disruptive Selection

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Multiple extreme variants are selected for and the dominant type is selected against (diversifying selection)

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Homeostasis

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Ability to maintain stable body conditions

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Atom

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The smallest unit of a chemical element

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Ion

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An atom that has a positive or negative net charge

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Salts

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Made up of oppositely charged ions that are also attracted to the charges on water molecules

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Salinity

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Grams of salt in 1000 grams of water that is measured in ppt (parts per thousand)

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Rule of Constant Proportions

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The percentage of major ions in seawater remains constant, even if the salinity is different (average is 35%

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Diffusion

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Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low that results in an even distribution of molecules throughout

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Osmosis

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The movement by diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane so water moves from area of high concentration

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Hypotonic

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The concentration of dissolved materials is lower outside of the cell so water will move in

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Isotonic

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The concentration of dissolved materials is the same inside of the cell and out

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Hypertonic

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The concentration of dissolved materials is higher outside of the cell so water will move out

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Osmoconformers

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Organisms that dont maintain steady internal conditions so their internal conditions vary with the environment. They also have a lower tolerance to changing conditions. (ex starfish)

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Osmoregulators

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Organisms that actively control their internal conditions and have a higher tolerance ranges than Conformers. (ex. sharks)

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Active Transport

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Moving materials into or out of the cell against the concentration gradient (requires energy)

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Latent Heat

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The amount of heat required to change the state of matter from one form to another

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Ectothermic

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Lose more heat to the surroundings and does not raise body temperature

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Endothermic

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Heat is retained and body temperature is raised above that of it's surroundings

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Poikilotherms

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Temperature changes with the temperature of it's surroundings (along with metabolic rate) thus making organisms sluggish in cold

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Homeotherms

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Able to maintain a steady temperature despite temperature changes in its surroundings

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Stratification

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The partitioning of water into layers based on their density

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Thermocline

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A sudden change in temperature with depth separates a body of water into layers

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Water Column

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A vertical column of water extending from the surface to the bottom

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Downwelling

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Denser surface water sinks and mixes with deep water

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Overturn

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As the denser surface water sinks, it is replaced with water from below, mixing the two layers

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Great Ocean Conveyor

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Water sinking in the Atlantic circulates water in a global pattern

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The Coriolis Effect

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Because the earth is rotating beneath them, objects that are moving along the surface of the planet tend to need to turn to move in a straight line. Northern Hem objects need to turn right, and lower need to turn left at 45 degree angle.

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Trade Winds

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As air is heated by the sun it becomes less dense and rises up into the atmosphere

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The Ekman Layer

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The surface layer of the ocean being pushed by the wind that moves at a 45 degree angle to the wind

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The Ekman Spiral

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Each subsequent layer moves farther to the right, resulting in the water direction spiraling with depth

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Ekman Transport

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The average direction of movement is 90 degrees to that of the wind

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Equatorial Currents

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Currents that move parallel (90 degrees) to the equator

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Gyres

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Large circular patterns that result from trade winds pushing water to the west, and westerlies moving water to the east